Jose's Deck

Question 1

Neurotransmitters are identified using four experimental criteria: _______, _______, ________, and _______.

Answer 1

synthesis, release, receptor action, inactivation

Question 2

The three broad classes of chemically related neurotransmitters are ______, _______, and ______. All three classes, encompassing the approximately 100 likely neurotransmitters active in the nervous system, are associated with both _______, and _______ receptors.

Answer 2

small-molecule transmitters, peptide transmitters, transmitter gases; ionotropic, metabotropic

Question 3

Contrast the major characteristics of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.

Answer 3

• An ionotropic receptor contains a pore or channel that can be opened or closed to regulate the flow-through of ions, directly bringing about rapid and usually excitatory voltage changes on the cell membrane.
• Metabotropic receptors are generally inhibitory, are slow acting, and activate second messengers to indirectly produce changes in the function and structure of the cell.

Question 4

Although neurons can synthesize more than one _______, they are usually identified by the principal ______ in their axon terminals.

Answer 4

neurotransmitter; neurotransmitter

Question 5

In the peripheral nervous system, the neurotransmitter at somatic muscles is ______; in the autonomic nervous system, ______ neurons from the spinal cord connect to _____ neurons for parasympathetic activity and with ______ neurons for sympathetic activity,

Answer 5

acetylcholine; acetylcholine; acetylcholine; norepinephrine

Question 6

The four main activating systems of the brain are _____, _______, ________, and _______.

Answer 6

cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic

Question 7

How would you respond to the comment that a behavior is caused solely by a “chemical imbalance in the brain”?

Answer 7

This idea has been attractive for a long time because there is a clear relationship between DA los and Parkinson’s disease, and acetylcholine and norepinephrine are clearly related to somatic and autonomic behaviors. But for other neurotransmitters in the brain, establishing a clear one-to-one relationships has proved difficult.

Question 8

Most drugs that have psychoactive effects influence chemical reactions at neuronal _______. Drugs that influence communication between neurons do so either as ______ (increasing the effectiveness of neurotransmission) or as _______ (decreasing the effectiveness of neurotransmission)

Answer 8

synapses; agonists; antagonists

Question 9

The body eliminates drugs through:

Answer 9

urine, feces, sweat, breath, breast milk

Question 10

Antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic drugs affect the _______ receptor, which through ______ influx hyperpolarizes neurons.

Answer 10

GABAa; Cl-

Question 11

Among the antidepressant drug types, ______ increase the amount of serotonin available in the presynaptic terminal while ______ block serotonin reuptake at the synapse.

Answer 11

MAO inhibitors; SSRIs

Question 12

Opiods mimic the action of _____ by binding to the same receptors

Answer 12

endorphins

Question 13

Amphetamine stimulates ______ and cocaine blocks ______ at the _______ synapse

Answer 13

release, reuptake, D2

Question 14

On which neurotransmitters do drugs that produce psychotropic effects act?

Answer 14

Psychotropic drugs act on many neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, anandamide, dopamine, epinephrine, glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

Question 15

_________ are energy filters that transduce incoming physical energy into neural activity.

Answer 15

sensory receptors

Question 16

______ fields locate sensory events. Receptor _____ determines sensitivity to sensory stimulation.

Answer 16

receptive; density

Question 17

We distinguish one sensory modality from another by its _______

Answer 17

target in the brain

Question 18

Neurons that project into the brain from the retina and form the optic nerve are called ______.

Answer 18

retinal ganglion cells

Question 19

The two major pathways from the retina into the brain are ______ and ______.

Answer 19

geniculostriate; tectopulvinar

Question 20

Damage to the fusiform face area in the temporal lobe can produce ______.

Answer 20

facial agnosia or prosopagnosia

Question 21

Contrast the paths and functions of the dorsal and ventral streams.

Answer 21

The dorsal stream to the parietal lobe processes the visual guidance of movements (the how). The ventral stream to the temporal lobe processes the visual perception of objects (the what)

Question 22

blob

Answer 22

`Region in the visual cortex that contains color-sensitive neurons, as revealed by staining for cytochrome oxidase.

Question 23

interblobs

Answer 23

Neurons in the interblobs participate in form and motion perception.

Question 24

thin stripes

Answer 24

receive input from V1’s color-sensitive neurons

Question 25

thick stripes

Answer 25

receive input from the movement-sensitive neurons in region V1

Question 26

pale zones

Answer 26

receive input from V1’s form-sensitive neurons.

Question 27

_______ retinal ganglion cells receive input mostly from cones and carry information about color and fine detail, whereas ______ retinal ganglion cells receive input mostly from rods and carry information about light but not color

Answer 27

P or parvocellular; M or magnocellular

Question 28

What is the excitatory transmitter in the amphibian heart and mammalian heart

Answer 28

amphibian - EP

mammalian - NE

Question 29

What neural pathway is involved in Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 29

the pathway connecting the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia

Question 30

Type I synapses

Answer 30

• Excitatory
• Located on the shafts or the spines of dendrites
• round synaptic vesicle
• Denser material on pre/post-synaptic membrane than Type II synapses
• wider synaptic cleft
• larger active zone

Question 31

Type II synapses

Answer 31

• Inhibitory
• located at cell body
• flattened vesicles
• less dense membrane
• narrower synaptic cleft
• smaller active zone

Question 32

How does the body get Acetylcholine?

Answer 32

Typically synthesized from dietary nutrients and packaged ready for use in axon terminals. Small-molecule transmitters can have their level and activity influenced by diet.

Question 33

How do neuroactive drugs typically reach the brain?

Answer 33

the digestive track

Question 34

Steps of acetylcholine synthesis

Answer 34

1. Acetyl CoA carries acetate to the transmitter-synthesis site.
2. ChAT transfers acetate to choline to form ACh
3. In the synaptic cleft, AChE detaches acetate from choline.
4. The products of the breakdown can be taken up and reused

Question 35

What are the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the forebrain and cerebellum?

Answer 35

excitatory - glutamate

inhibitory - GABA

Question 36

What is a second messenger?

Answer 36

• It is activated by the enzyme which was activated by an alpha subunit.
• the second messenger can:
  1) bind to an ionotropic channel and alter ion flow
  2) initiate a reaction that causes protein molecules to become incorporated into the cell membrane
  3) instruct the cell’s DNA to initiate or cease the production of a protein

Question 37

Are any neurotransmitters associated with a single receptor type?

Answer 37

NO. A neurotransmitter may bind either to an ionotropic receptor and have an excitatory effect on the target cell or to a metabotropic receptor and have an inhibitory effect.
- ACh has an excitatory effect on skeletal muscles by activating ionotropic receptors. ACh has an inhibitory effect on heart rate by activating metabotropic receptors.

Question 38

What single main receptor serves the SNS?

Answer 38

nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChr)

• when Ach binds to this receptor, its pore opens to permit ion flow, thus depolarizing the muscle fiber.
• the pore of a nicotinic receptor is large and permits the simultaneous efflux of K+ and influx of Na+

Question 39

What prepares the body for “fight or flight”

Answer 39

ACh neurons in the CNS synapse with sympathetic NE neurons prepare the body’s organs

Question 40

What prepares the body for “rest and digest”

Answer 40

ACh neurons in the CNS synapse with autonomic ACh neurons in the parasympathetic division

Question 41

What type of channel do GABAa receptors have?

Answer 41

A Cl- channel

Question 42

Group I: Antianxiety agents and sedatives

Answer 42

Benzos, Barbituates, Anesthetics: GHB, ketamine, PCP

Question 43

MAOI

Answer 43

Antidepressant drug that blocks the enzyme monoamine oxidase from degrading neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin.

Question 44

tricyclic antidepressant

Answer 44

First-generation antidepressant drug with a chemical structure characterized by three rings that blocks serotonin reuptake transporter proteins.