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Neuroscience Test 2 > Chemical Signals > Flashcards

Chemical Signals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the space between two terminal buttons?

A

Synaptic cleft

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2
Q

Dale’s Principle

A

Every neuron only secretes 1 type of neurotransmitter, but they can receive as many incoming neurotransmitters (dendrites are not homogenous, but dendritic spines are)

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3
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

is excitatory to skeletal muscles, and can be either excitatory or inhibitory in its effects in the autonomic nervous system, i.e. reducing the speed of the heart. First neurotransmitter discovered in the peripheral and central nervous systems.

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4
Q

Is serotonin the happy drug?

A

No. The effect of a neurotransmitter is circuit-specific.

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5
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

“Round granule that contains neurotransmitter.” Organelle consisting of a membrane structure that encloses a quantum of neurotransmitter

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6
Q

Is the process of neurotransmitting passive or active?

A

active

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7
Q

Postsynaptic receptor

A

Site to which a neurotransmitter molecule binds.

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8
Q

How do vesicles exit the cell?

A

They “fuse out” of the cell. “When the cell membrane fuses with the membrane of the cleft, the lack of glutamate in the cleft will mean that diffusion will spread the glutamate out.”

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9
Q

Steps of Neuotransmitter Release ***

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Release
  3. Receptor binding
  4. Inactivation/clearance
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10
Q

Synthesis ***

A

Some neurotransmitters are transported from the cell nucleus to the terminal button. Others, made from building blocks imported

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11
Q

Release ***

A

In response to an action potential, the transmitter is released across the membrane by exocytosis.

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12
Q

Receptor action ***

A

The transmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to a receptor.

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13
Q

Inactivation ***

A

The transmitter is either taken back into the terminal or inactivated in the synaptic cleft.

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14
Q

What is a neurotransmitter receptor?

A

A protein that is in the post-synaptic membrane. It’s only job is to receive neurotransmitters.

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15
Q

How do neurotransmitters find their way across the cell?

A

Neurotransmitters diffuse across the cleft, and hopefully find a receptor for them that is the right charge and shape. They are not “pulled in” by the receptors.

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16
Q

What happens when an action potential reaches the axon terminal?

A
  1. Calcium channels are opened
  2. Incoming calcium ions bind to calmodulin, forming a complex
  3. ____
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17
Q

Are synaptic vessels just bubbles?

A

Synaptic vesicles aren’t just bubbles, they’re coated with proteins that help them do their job

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18
Q

snare proteins ***

A

“proteins found inside the membrane of the axon terminal and the vesicle outside of vesicles, they are strands of rope that are electrically attracted to each other, however, they don’t chemically bind - they wrap around each other”

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19
Q

What does calcium do in the cell? ***

A

Calcium creates a mechanical movement in snare proteins (twists it) The twisting is enough to pull the snare protein down to the synaptic cleft where it is attracted to other snare proteins.

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20
Q

Neurotransmitter deactivation (glutamate as example)

A

Astrocytes take in the leftover glutamate and slightly modify it into glutamine. The postsynaptic neuron can not accept the glutamine, but the presynaptic neuron has glutamine receptors and thus accepts it. The presynaptic neuron then takes the glutamine and changes it back into glutamate.

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21
Q

In the brain ______ is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter & ______ is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter.

A

Excitatory - glutamate

Inhibitory - GABA

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22
Q

Families of neurotransmitters

A
  • Small molecules
  • Peptide neurotransmitters
  • Transmitter gases
  • Other neurotransmitters
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23
Q

epinephrine (EP, or adrenaline)

A

Chemical messenger that acts as a hormone to mobilize the body for fight or flight during times of stress and as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

24
Q

norepinephrine (NE, or noradrenaline)

A

Neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system; accelerates heart rate in mammals.

25
Q

neurotransmitter

A

Chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect

26
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Disorder of the motor system correlated with a loss of dopamine in the brain and characterized by tremors, muscular rigidity, and reduction in voluntary movement.

27
Q

dopamine (DA)

A

Amine neurotransmitter that plays a role in coordinating movement, in attention and learning, and in behaviors that are reinforcing.

28
Q

chemical synapse

A

Junction at which messenger molecules are released when stimulated by an action potential

29
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

Membrane on the transmitter-output side of a synapse (axon terminal)

30
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

Membrane on the transmitter-input side of a synapse (dendritic spine)

31
Q

gap junction (electrical synapse)

A

Fused prejunction and postjunction cell membrane in which connected ion channels form a pore that allows ions to pass directly from one neuron to the next. Gap junctions are found in the mammalian brain, where in some regions they allow groups of interneurons to synchronize their firing rhythmically. Gap junctions also allow glial cells and neurons to exchange substances.

32
Q

transporter

A

Protein molecule that pumps substances across a membrane,

33
Q

transmitter-activated receptor

A

Protein that has a binding site for a specific neurotransmitter and is embedded in the membrane of a cell.

34
Q

autoreceptor

A

“self-receptor” in a neural membrane that responds to the transmitter released by the same neuron.

35
Q

quantum (plural quanta)

A

Amount of neurotransmitter, equivalent to the contents of a single synaptic vesicle, that produces a just observable change in postsynaptic electric potential.

36
Q

reuptake

A

Deactivation of a neurotransmitter when membrane transporter proteins bring the transmitter back into the presynaptic axon terminal for subsequent reuse.

37
Q

In mammals, the principal form of communication between neurons occurs via ______ even though this structure is slower and more complex than the fused ______

A

chemical synapses; gap junction

38
Q

To generate an action potential that travels from the _____ across the synaptic cleft onto a ______ requires the simultaneous release of many _______ of chemical transmitter

A

presynaptic cell membrane; postsynaptic cell membrane; quanta

39
Q

______ between axon terminals and dendrites

A

axodendritic

40
Q

______ between axon terminals and cell bodies

A

axosomatic

41
Q

______ between axon terminals and muscles

A

axomuscular

42
Q

_______ between axon terminals and other axons

A

axoaxonic

43
Q

_______ between axon terminals and other synapses

A

axosynaptic

44
Q

A(n) ______ synapse releases chemical transmitters into extracellular fluid

A

axoectraceullular

45
Q

a(n) ______ synapse releases transmitter into the bloodstream as hormones

A

axosecretory

46
Q

the ______ synapse, connects dendrites to other dendrites

A

dendrodendritic

47
Q

Excitatory synapses, known as Type I, are usually located on a(n) ______, whereas inhibitory synapses, known as Type II, are usually located on a(n) _____

A

dendrite; cell body

48
Q

Small Molecule Neurotransmitters

A

Amines, Amino Acids, Acetylcholine & Histamine

49
Q

Peptide Neurotransmitters

A

“Protein” Neurotransmitters - Opioids, Oxytocin, Insulin, etc.

50
Q

How come gases can diffuse across cells?

A

They are not charged

51
Q

deactivation of ACh

A

Acetate and choline are transferred by enzymes to formed inside the pre-synaptic cell to create acetylcholine. After ACh has been released and diffused to receptor sites on the post synaptic membrane a third enzyme detaches them back into acetate and choline to be taken back up at the pre-synaptic terminal for re-use.

52
Q

Microtubule***

A

A transports structure that carries substances to the axon terminal

53
Q

Storage granule

A

a large compartment that holds synaptic vesicles.

54
Q

2nd messenger

A

the alpha subunit binds to an enzyme which activates the second messenger.

55
Q

do metabotropic receptors let in ions?

A

NO!

Neuroscience Test 2 (6 decks)

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