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Musculoskeletal > Joints, Synovial Fluid and Cartilage > Flashcards

Joints, Synovial Fluid and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

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2
Q

What are examples of fibrous joints?

A
  • Cranial sutures
  • Periodontal ligament
  • Interosseous membranes
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3
Q

What are the different categories of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis)
    • Only hyaline cartilage
  • Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis)
    • Hyaline and fibrocartilage
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4
Q

What type of cartilage is present in synchondrosis cartilage joints?

A

Only hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

What type of cartilage is present in symphysis cartiliginous joints?

A

Hyaline and fibrocartilage

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6
Q

What are primary cartilagnious joints also known as?

A

Synchondrosis cartilaginous joints

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7
Q

What are secondary cartilaginous joints also known as?

A

Symphysis cartilaginous joints

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8
Q

What are some of the features of a synovial joint?

A
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9
Q

What are the different kinds of synovial joints?

A

Plane

Hinge

Pivot

Condylar

Saddle

Ball and socket

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10
Q

Joint stability is achieved by what?

A
  • Shape of articulating surfaces
  • Capsule and ligaments
  • Muscles
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11
Q

What is hyaline cartilage also known as?

A

Articular cartilage

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12
Q

What are the different layers of articular cartilage in a synovial joint?

A
  • Superficial/tangential layer
    • Flattened chondrocytes that produce collagen and glycoproteins (such as lubcricin)
  • Transitional layer
    • Round chrondrocytes that produce proteoglycans such as aggrecan
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13
Q

What is produced in the superficial layer of articular cartilage in a synovial joint?

A
  • Flattened chondrocytes that produce collagen and glycoproteins (such as lubcricin)
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14
Q

What is produced in the transitional layer of articular cartilage in a synovial joint?

A

Round chrondrocytes that produce proteoglycans such as aggrecan

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15
Q

How does the orientation of collagen in articular cartilage in a synovial joint change from superficial to deep?

A
  • Change in collagen orientation from superficial to deep layers
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16
Q

What percentage of articular cartilage is water?

A

>75%

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17
Q

What are some categories of molecules formed from carbohydrates and water?

A
  • Glycoproteins
    • Such as lubricin
    • Proteins to which oligosaccharide chains are attached (so more protein than carb)
  • Proteoglycans
    • Such as aggrecan
    • Proteins that are heavily glycosylated (protein core to which one or more GAGs attach)(tend to be more carbs than protein)
  • Glycosaminoglycans or GAGs
    • Such as hyaluronic acid
    • Long unbranched polysaccharides which are highly polar and thus attract water
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18
Q

What kind of molecule is lubrican?

A

Glycoprotein

19
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A
  • Proteins to which oligosaccharide chains are attached (so more protein than carb)
20
Q

What kind of molecule is aggrecan?

A

Proteoglycan

21
Q

What is a proteoglycan?

A
  • Proteins that are heavily glycosylated (protein core to which one or more GAGs attach)(tend to be more carbs than protein)
22
Q

Do proteoglycans tend to have more carbohydrates or proteins?

A

Carbohydrates

23
Q

What does GAGs stand for?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

24
Q

What kind of molecule is hyaluronic acid?

A

Glycosaminoglycan

25
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A
  • Long unbranched polysaccharides which are highly polar and thus attract water
26
Q

What is the average thickenss of articular cartiage in synovial joints?

A
  • Average 2-3mm
  • Interphalangeal joint 1mm
  • Patella 5-6mm
27
Q

Decribe the vascularity, nerves and lymphatics of cartilage?

A
  • Avascular
  • Aneural
  • Alymphatic
28
Q

What is synovial fluid produced by?

A

Synovial fluid is produced by synovial membrane (synovium)

29
Q

How does direct exchange of oxygen, CO2 and metabolites take place with cartilage?

A

Direct exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolites is done between blood and synovial fluid

30
Q

What cells in the synovium (synovial membrane) produces the fluid?

A
  • Synoviocytes producing the fluid
    • Different types, A
      • Look like macrophages, remove debris
      • Contribute to synovial fluid production
    • B
      • Fibroblast like
      • Main producer of synovial fluid
31
Q

What type of synoviocyte is the main producer of synovial fluid?

A

Type B

32
Q

Describe the capillary network and epithelial lining of the synovium?

A
  • Rich capillary network
  • No epithelial lining
33
Q

What is synovial fluid formed from?

A
  • Formed from hyaluronic acid and lubricin with a fluid component from blood plasma
34
Q

What is the turnover of synovial fluid?

A
  • Rapid turnover (about 2 hours)
35
Q

What are some of the functions of synovial fluid?

A
  • Nutrition of cartilage (articular c., menisci/discs)
  • Removal of waste products
  • Lubrication -> less friction -> less wear
    • Boundary
      • Glycoproteins such as lubricin bind to receptors on articular surfaces to form a thin film
    • Hydrodynamic (like aquaplaning)
      • Surfaces kept apart by liquid pressure
      • Viscosity changes with load and velocity of movement
    • Weeping
      • Fluid that is present in the cartilage is squeezed out into the synovial cavity to increase fluid volume
36
Q

How does synovial fluid achieve its lubricating function?

A
  • Boundary
    • Glycoproteins such as lubricin bind to receptors on articular surfaces to form a thin film
  • Hydrodynamic (like aquaplaning)
    • Surfaces kept apart by liquid pressure
    • Viscosity changes with load and velocity of movement
  • Weeping
    • Fluid that is present in the cartilage is squeezed out into the synovial cavity to increase fluid volume
37
Q

What are bursae?

A
  • Is a small fluid filled sacs lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid
38
Q

What is the function of bursae?

A
  • Function is to reduce friction
39
Q

What is inflammation of bursae called?

A

Bursitis

40
Q

What happens to the viscosity of synovial fluid and the water content of cartlage as you age?

A
  • Viscosity of synovial fluid increases
    • Slower joint movements
    • Reduced lubrication
  • Water content of cartilage decreases
    • Reduced shock absorption
41
Q

What are consequences of the viscocity of synovial fluid increasing?

A
  • Slower joint movements
  • Reduced lubrication
42
Q

What is a consequence of decreased water content of cartilage?

A
  • Reduced shock absorption
43
Q

What disease can be a consequence of ageing and its affects on synovial fluid and cartilage?

A

Osteoarthritis

Musculoskeletal (40 decks)

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