Joints I Flashcards
What are the Physiological Joint Classification?
Synarthrosis, Amphyarthrosis and Diarthrosis
What are the Anatomical Joint Classification?
Solid and Synovial
Synarthrosis
very little (if any) movements ( a type of joint where cartilage and bones are attached in a way that does not allow the joint to move)
Amphyarthrosis
semi movable (joints are partially moveable - not fixed in)
Diarthrosis
freely movable (completely free to move in so many different directions - shoulder joint)
Solid
no space between bones (not joint space - bones attached together)
- fibrous (suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis) - dense connective tissue
- cartilaginous (synchondrosis, symphysis) - binded by cartilage
Synovial
space that is separating the two bones - subdivisions is based on how freely the joints can move - in how many planes and axises
- mono-axial (hinge, pivot) - can only move around one axis (either sagittal, transverse, or frontal)
- biaxial (saddle, condyloid) - can move in two directions
- multi-axial (ball & socket) - can move in more than two axises
- non-axial (plane) - sliding movement that is not happening in any standard anatomical plane (cannot define any specific axis) - bones can move against each other
*presence or absence of cavity between the two bones - is there space between bones or not
Fibrous Joints (3 types)
- subcategory of solid and the type of joins in which the bones are attached together by the means of dense connective tissue
- sutures are a type of fibrous joint and usually we find them in between bones of skull (no space between bones)- from physiological point of view this are synarthrosis as they are not moveable
- syndesmosis - two long bones are attached together by the means of membrane made up of dense connective tissue connective tissue membrane connecting them together making joint between the two - partially moveable - amphyarthorsis
- gomphosis - do not have too many of these joints - mainly in oral cavity - connective tissue is in form of ligament (another example of dense connective tissue) - when two bones are attached together through a ligament
- the root of your teeth is attached to the bone upper or lower jaw by the means of a ligament - amphyarthrosis
Cartilaginous Joints
- subdivided into two based on the type of cartilage binding the bones together (can only find these two cartilage in joints - not elastic)
- hyaline cartilage is known as synchondroses - a type of joint in which the bones are connected via hyaline cartilage
- fibrocartilage is classified as symphysis - symphysis joint between right and left pubic bone
Plane joint (inter-tarsal joint)
joint between the tarsal bones - tarsal bones can move against each other - gliding so these are considered non-axial joints
Hinge joint (elbow joint):
joint at elbow formed between ulna and humerus - movement in one plane (sagittal) so it is mono-axial joint
Pivot joint (proximal radio-ulnar joint
joint between proximal ends of ulna and radial - pronation and supination happening in the transverse plane as it is rotational movement of the radius (head)- mono-axial
Condyloid joint (radiocarpal joint)
two convex and concave surfaces are sitting against each other - both of them are usually oval in shape - joint between distal end of radius and proximal carpal bones - flexion and extension, abduction and adduction but cannot rotation your wrist so it is biaxial joint
Saddle joint (1st carpometacarpal joint - trapezium and 1st metacarpal bone)
indicates shape of your articular surfaces - two saddle shaped articular surfaces that are sitting against each other - can move that saddle joint in two anatomical planes so it is a biaxial joint
Ball-and-socket joint (hip joint)
two articular surfaces - one convex and one concave (both are spherical)- multi-axial - allows them to move in three possible anatomical planes
What joints are formed between the Vertebrae?
- when we stack vertebrae on top of one another- each pair of them with form 3 joints (between adjacent vertebrae)
- two of the joints are formed between the articular surfaces - known as facet joint - zygophophyseal joint (synovial gliding joint) - non-axial
- another joint formed between the vertebral bodies that are articulating with one another - disc (fibrocartilage) - two pieces of bone that are attached together by the disc of fibrocartilage - known as symphysis joint (these joints are only in the midline)
- the joints between the vertebrae are very important, so there are a ton of ligaments nearby to support those joints
What are the Ligaments in the Vertebrae to help support the Joints?
anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, flava ligament, supraspinous ligament, and interspinous ligament
- when you go to the front of the vertebral bodies you will see a long ligament which is stretched from C1 all the way down to the coccyx and it supports the vertebral bodies anteriorly known as anterior longitudinal ligament and there is also a similar ligament on the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies that is known as posterior longitudinal ligament -> both are in front and behind the vertebral bodies to support the joints
- flava ligament - is stretched between two adjacent lamina - for example it connects the lamina of T4 and T5
- a ligament that is running between the adjacent spinous processes called interspinous ligament
- supra-spinous ligament - one ligament in running on top of spinous processes but not between them - connecting the tips of the spinous processes
- overall: these ligaments all make vertebral column more stable
What parts make up the Disc?
- when you look at the disc from above you will always find that there are several layers of collagen fibers which are arranged in concentric matter, surrounding the central part of your disc
- central part of disc is a jelly substance that has consistency of thick honey - nucleus pulposus- contains a lot of hyaluronic acid (has a high chemical affinity to water - easily binds to water products) - absorbs water and putting that thing in your vertebrae and can act as a shock absorber (absorbs water and swells)
- annulus fibrosus - the combination of all the constant concentric layers of collagen on the outside - to prevent it from spreading - the jelly - keep the nucleus pulposus in place (only function)
What is the Joint of the Pelvic Region?
sacroiliac joint - articular surfaces of these bones are rather flat so they can glide against each other - monoaxial, synovial joint
Which Ligaments support the Sacroiliac Joint?
- lumbosacral ligament from transverse process of lumbar vertebrae (L4 or L5) to sacrum
- iliolumbar ligament - running between lumbar vertebrae (L4 or L5) and attaches to the ilium (top part of hip bone)
- the most important ligament is running in the front of the joint and in the back to support the joint called the sacroiliac ligament which binds the sacrum and the ilium
- sacrospinous ligament is running between the sacrum and the ischial spine
- sacrotuberous is running between sacrum and ischial tuberosity
