Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
Three Major Divisions of Anatomy
- Macroscopic (gross) is anatomical features of different body parts (ex. liver - where, function, where blood supply comes from, defining structure of the body) - what you can see with naked eyes
* regional is region by region - upper limb, trunk, lower limb
* systemic approach uses different body systems (ex. digestive system - head and neck region, throat, abdominal) - Microscopic (histology): study of the tissues and cells - is done when you study body tissues under microscope
- Developmental (embryonic): study of different phases of human embryo/fetus development - talks about different stages of human development from embryo to puberty (first 8 weeks of the fetus is called embryology)
* surface anatomy is about landmarks which help us to locate different parts of the body - ex. spleen is sitting in touch with ribs 9, 10, and 11
What is Anatomical Position?
person is standing up right, palms of hand, nose and big toes are directed forward - we talk about everything based on this position
What are the 3 Standard Anatomical Planes?
- 3 planes are useful and easy - allow us to define different movements and positions
coronal (frontal) plane passes through the body dividing it in front and back (passes through the side) - not symmetrical
transverse (horizontal) plane dividing the body into upper and lower (top and bottom) - not symmetrical
median (sagittal) plane passes through dividing the body into symmetric left and right halves (also called mid-sagittal - because it is symmetrical)
- parasagittal where they divide into non symmetrical left and right halves
Terms of Position/Direction - Frontal plane
anterior means closer to front and posterior means closer to black (whether the position of the organs are closer to the front or back of the body)
Terms of Position/Direction - Mid-sagittal plane
- medial means closer to mid-sagittal
- lateral means further away from mid-sagittal
Terms of Position/Direction - Tranverse plane
- superior closer to head
- inferior closer to tail
Terms of Position/Direction - Proximal and Distal (not in relation to any of the planes)
- these two terms are mostly used in upper (arm, forearm, hand) limb and lower (leg) limb
- shoulder joint, elbow and wrist - elbow is proximal to wrist but distal to shoulder joint
- proximal is the position of a part of the upper and lower limb closer to the root of the upper or lower limb - the root is where it attaches to your torso or trunk (where it attaches to the rest of the body)
- if anything is closer to root it is proximal and if it is further from the root then it is distal
Terms of Movement (describe movements of joints in the body) - Sagittal Plane
Lateral view of individual - moving shoulder joint in two different positions
- flexion - where you bend a joint forwards
- extension - when you move a joint backwards
- always happen in sagittal plane - reference point
Terms of Movement - Frontal Plane
- when you move your limb in coronal plane away from midline of the body, it is known as abduction (abduct away from body)
- when you move your limb in coronal towards midline, it is known as adduction (bringing closer)
- for the abduction of digits, your axis of movement is the middle finger - when you move fingers away from middle finger and spread them then it is called abduction of digits - when you bring them towards the axis of middle finger it is called adduction
- for your toes your access of movement is your second toe and not the third
- abduction and adduction happen in the frontal (coronal) plane
Terms of Movement - Transverse Plane (perform rotational movements at different joints)
- movement is happening at the shoulder here - rotational movement at shoulder
- lateral rotation: turn or rotation body part away from the midline
- medial rotation: turn or rotate the body towards the midline
Supination and Pronation
- specific important movement that are not happening in any particular plane
- movement that happens in the forearm (in the bones) and also in the foot
- supination: is when palm of the hand faces forward (tip: how you eat your soup)
- pronation: is when the palm of the hand faces backward
Ankle movement - Sagittal plane
when you move your foot in a way that the plantar aspect of the foot is moving downwards it is called plantarflexion
- plantarflexion is when plantar goes down - can use it interchangeably with flexion of ankle
- back of foot towards shin is called dorsiflexion - extension ankle
Abdominal Cavity - How is it Divided into 9 Regions?
- divide abdominal cavity into 9 regions so we can locate abdominal organs better
- mid-clavicular lines are in the middle of the clavicle (2 vertical lines)
- one horizontal line is at lowest point of the ribs - subcostal (sub means under and cost means rib) - at lowest border of ribs
- transtubercular is other horizontal line - two tubercles (bony elevations) on pelvic - trans means line connecting both tubercles
Regions of Abdominal Cavity
- central area is umbilical (where umbilicus (belly button sits)
- the area immediately above umbilical is called epi (above) gastric (abdomen) - above the abdomen
- hypogastric (area below umbilical region - below abdomen)
- right and left hypochondriac region in the higher part of epigastric region
- left and right lateral regions on either side of umbilical regions
- left and right inguinal regions on either side of hypogastric regions
◦ gallbladder is in epigastric
◦ liver is in the right
hypochondriac and epigastric
region
Different Cavities
- abdominal cavity (green) is largest one we have
- dorsal cavity (yellow) - closer to back (spaces sitting closer to back of body) - divided into cranial cavity (contains brain) vertebral cavity (contains mostly spinal cord)
- ventral cavity (cavities in front) - contains thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity are separated by the diaphragm
- pelvic cavity is not separated from the abdominal cavity - sometimes referred to as abdominal pelvic cavity
