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Biology Science - Sec 3 > Joints and Muscles > Flashcards

Joints and Muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three joint mobility classification?

A
  1. Immobile
  2. Semimobile
  3. Mobile
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2
Q

What are immobile joints?

A

Prevent the two bones they join from moving.

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3
Q

What is an example of an immobile joint?

A

Bones of the cranium.

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4
Q

What are semimobile joints?

A

They allow for a limited range of motion

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5
Q

What is an example of a semimobile joint?

A

Bones of the vertebral column.

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6
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Substance that protects the long bones from friction and impact between the joint surfaces.

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7
Q

What are mobile joints

A

They allow for a broad range of motion, the head of one bone fits in the hollow of another.

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8
Q

What are the connective mobile joint bone covered by?

A

Articular cartilage.

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9
Q

What is the difference between normal cartilage and articular cartilage?

A

Articular cartilage is only found at the joint surface, while regular cartilage can simply be found anywhere.

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10
Q

What is found between the two layers of cartilage in a mobile joint?

A

Synovial fluide.

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11
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Ribbons of connective tissue that hold the bone in place while they are moving ⇾ connect bone to bone.

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12
Q

What are examples of mobile joints?

A

Shoulders, elbows, hands, hips, knees, feet etc.

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13
Q

What is the flexion movement of a mobile joint?

A

Brings together the two bones of a joint.

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14
Q

What is an example of flexion movement?

A

Bending an elbow or knee.

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15
Q

What is the extension movement of a mobile joint?

A

Stretching a joint - one bone is moving away from the other.

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16
Q

What is an example of the extension movement?

A

Unbending or kicking.

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17
Q

What is the Abduction movement of a mobile joint?

A

Movement that separates a limb from the axis of the body.

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18
Q

What is an example of the Abduction movement?

A

Lifting an arm or leg to the side.

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19
Q

What is the Adduction movement of a mobile joint?

A

Bringing back a limb to the axis of the body.

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20
Q

What is an example of the rotation movement of a mobile joint?

A

Movement around an axis with a circular motion.

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21
Q

What is an example of the rotation movement?

A

Shaking head, turning your waist.

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22
Q

What are the 3 categories of muscles based on appearance and function?

A
  1. Striated
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
23
Q

What are smooth muscles?

A

Involuntary, uniform in appearance, found in walls of internal organs.

24
Q

What are cardiac muscles?

A

Found in heart, involuntary, striated in appearance, very strong.

25
Q

What are striated/skeletal muscles?

A

Voluntary, attached to the skeleton, striated in appearance.

26
Q

What are the three parts of a skeletal muscle?

A
  1. The belly
  2. Tendons
  3. Epimysium
27
Q

What is the belly of the skeletal muscle?

A

Central, rounded part
of the muscle which is red
in color.

28
Q

What is the tendon of a muscle?

A

Bands of white connective tissue attaching each end of the muscle to a bone.

29
Q

What is epimysuim?

A

The outer covering of the muscle.

30
Q

What does a skeletal muscle do at rest?

A

It’s elongated.

31
Q

What does a skeletal muscle do when it contracts?

A

Shortens and thickens, which bring the two bones together.

32
Q

What are antagonistic muscles?

A

Muscle pairs with opposing effects, they allow for great precision and a rapid movement that can be stopped at exactly the right time.

33
Q

What are functions of skeletal muscles that aren’t for movement?

A
  1. Maintains posture
  2. Stabilizes the joints
  3. Helps to maintain body temperature since heat is released when muscles are contracting (cellular respiration)
34
Q

What are the three properties of Muscle fibers?

A
  1. Excitable
  2. Contractile
  3. Elastic
35
Q

What is the excitable muscle properties?

A

Can be stimulated, through transmission of nerve impulses.

36
Q

What is the contractile muscle properties?

A

Can shorten when stimulated – no other type of cell has this property!!!!!

37
Q

What is the elastic muscle properties?

A

They can regain their shape after a contraction or stretch.

38
Q

What is a lactic acid buildup?

A

Lactic acid build-up occurs when muscles produce lactic acid as a byproduct of cellular respiration without sufficient oxygen, causing muscle fatigue and post-workout cramping.

39
Q

What is the occipitofrontalis facial muscle?

A

Controls scalp and eyebrows.

40
Q

What is the orbicularis oris facial muscle?

A

Controls the lips.

41
Q

What is the orbicularis oculi?

A

Controls the eyes.

42
Q

What are the deltoids responsible for?

A

Shoulder abduction, flexion, and extension - controls the sholders.

43
Q

What are the Biceps responsible for?

A

They flex the forarm

44
Q

What are the triceps responsible for?

A

They extend the forearm.

45
Q

What is the Brachioradialis?

A

Part of bicep that flexes the forearm.

46
Q

What is the tibialis responsible for?

A

It flexes the foot.

47
Q

What is the gadtronemius responsible for?

A

Extension and flexion of the ankle, it flexes the knee.

48
Q

What is the soleus responsible for?

A

Helps maintain posture and balance while standing, running and walking.

49
Q

What are the pectoralis responsible for?

A

It controls the motion of the arm.

50
Q

What is the rectus abdominus responsible for?

A

Contracts ribs and pelvis, allows curing of the back.

51
Q

What are the obliques responsible for?

A

They rotate the trunk.

52
Q

What is the trapezius responsible for?

A

It controls the shoulder blades, head, and neck alike.

53
Q

What is the latissimus dorsi responsible for?

A

Controls the motion of the arms (from the back).

54
Q

What are three antagnostic pairs?

A
  1. Quadriceps and Hamstrings
  2. Biceps and triceps
  3. Gastrocnemius and Soleus

Biology Science - Sec 3 (5 decks)

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