Joints and Muscles Flashcards
What are the three joint mobility classification?
- Immobile
- Semimobile
- Mobile
What are immobile joints?
Prevent the two bones they join from moving.
What is an example of an immobile joint?
Bones of the cranium.
What are semimobile joints?
They allow for a limited range of motion
What is an example of a semimobile joint?
Bones of the vertebral column.
What is cartilage?
Substance that protects the long bones from friction and impact between the joint surfaces.
What are mobile joints
They allow for a broad range of motion, the head of one bone fits in the hollow of another.
What are the connective mobile joint bone covered by?
Articular cartilage.
What is the difference between normal cartilage and articular cartilage?
Articular cartilage is only found at the joint surface, while regular cartilage can simply be found anywhere.
What is found between the two layers of cartilage in a mobile joint?
Synovial fluide.
What is a ligament?
Ribbons of connective tissue that hold the bone in place while they are moving ⇾ connect bone to bone.
What are examples of mobile joints?
Shoulders, elbows, hands, hips, knees, feet etc.
What is the flexion movement of a mobile joint?
Brings together the two bones of a joint.
What is an example of flexion movement?
Bending an elbow or knee.
What is the extension movement of a mobile joint?
Stretching a joint - one bone is moving away from the other.
What is an example of the extension movement?
Unbending or kicking.
What is the Abduction movement of a mobile joint?
Movement that separates a limb from the axis of the body.
What is an example of the Abduction movement?
Lifting an arm or leg to the side.
What is the Adduction movement of a mobile joint?
Bringing back a limb to the axis of the body.
What is an example of the rotation movement of a mobile joint?
Movement around an axis with a circular motion.
What is an example of the rotation movement?
Shaking head, turning your waist.
What are the 3 categories of muscles based on appearance and function?
- Striated
- Smooth
- Cardiac
What are smooth muscles?
Involuntary, uniform in appearance, found in walls of internal organs.
What are cardiac muscles?
Found in heart, involuntary, striated in appearance, very strong.
What are striated/skeletal muscles?
Voluntary, attached to the skeleton, striated in appearance.
What are the three parts of a skeletal muscle?
- The belly
- Tendons
- Epimysium
What is the belly of the skeletal muscle?
Central, rounded part
of the muscle which is red
in color.
What is the tendon of a muscle?
Bands of white connective tissue attaching each end of the muscle to a bone.
What is epimysuim?
The outer covering of the muscle.
What does a skeletal muscle do at rest?
It’s elongated.
What does a skeletal muscle do when it contracts?
Shortens and thickens, which bring the two bones together.
What are antagonistic muscles?
Muscle pairs with opposing effects, they allow for great precision and a rapid movement that can be stopped at exactly the right time.
What are functions of skeletal muscles that aren’t for movement?
- Maintains posture
- Stabilizes the joints
- Helps to maintain body temperature since heat is released when muscles are contracting (cellular respiration)
What are the three properties of Muscle fibers?
- Excitable
- Contractile
- Elastic
What is the excitable muscle properties?
Can be stimulated, through transmission of nerve impulses.
What is the contractile muscle properties?
Can shorten when stimulated – no other type of cell has this property!!!!!
What is the elastic muscle properties?
They can regain their shape after a contraction or stretch.
What is a lactic acid buildup?
Lactic acid build-up occurs when muscles produce lactic acid as a byproduct of cellular respiration without sufficient oxygen, causing muscle fatigue and post-workout cramping.
What is the occipitofrontalis facial muscle?
Controls scalp and eyebrows.
What is the orbicularis oris facial muscle?
Controls the lips.
What is the orbicularis oculi?
Controls the eyes.
What are the deltoids responsible for?
Shoulder abduction, flexion, and extension - controls the sholders.
What are the Biceps responsible for?
They flex the forarm
What are the triceps responsible for?
They extend the forearm.
What is the Brachioradialis?
Part of bicep that flexes the forearm.
What is the tibialis responsible for?
It flexes the foot.
What is the gadtronemius responsible for?
Extension and flexion of the ankle, it flexes the knee.
What is the soleus responsible for?
Helps maintain posture and balance while standing, running and walking.
What are the pectoralis responsible for?
It controls the motion of the arm.
What is the rectus abdominus responsible for?
Contracts ribs and pelvis, allows curing of the back.
What are the obliques responsible for?
They rotate the trunk.
What is the trapezius responsible for?
It controls the shoulder blades, head, and neck alike.
What is the latissimus dorsi responsible for?
Controls the motion of the arms (from the back).
What are three antagnostic pairs?
- Quadriceps and Hamstrings
- Biceps and triceps
- Gastrocnemius and Soleus
