Joints

Question 1

Normal end-feel

Answer 1

feeling examiner gets when joint is at end of passive RoM
either hard - bone to bone
or soft - soft tissue compression
firm - ligaments/capsule are primary restrain

Question 2

closed - packed

Answer 2

joint surfaces are at most congruent and capsule/ligaments are under most tension

Question 3

open-packed

Answer 3

joint surfaces aren’t at most congruent and there is laxity in ligaments/capsule

Question 4

fibrous joints

Answer 4

joints held together by fibrous connective tissue (no joint cavity)

Question 5

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 5

bones held together by hyaline or fibrocartilage
- no joint cavity
Primary = sychondrosis (hyaline)
Secondary = symphysis (fibrocartilage disc)

Question 6

Synovial joints

Answer 6

Bones held together by fibrous capsule (with synovial membrane) + accessory ligaments
- joint cavity

Question 7

Ball and sockets joints

Answer 7

> convex ball within concave socket
3 degrees of freedom
e.g hip

Question 8

ellipsoid joints

Answer 8

> shallower ball + socket
2 degrees of freedom
e.g wrist

Question 9

Plane joint

Answer 9

> surfaces moving over each other

> gliding/sliding movements

Question 10

Saddle joints

Answer 10

> Biconvex and Biconcave
2 degrees of freedom
e.g patellofemoral joint or 1st Carpometacarpal joint (thumb)

Question 11

Hinge joints

Answer 11

> single degree of freedom (flex/extend or add/abd)

e.g elbow/PIP/DIP

Question 12

Pivot joint

Answer 12

> single degree of freedom (rotation)

e.g C1 to C2 joint atlas and axis

Question 13

Convex-concave moving rule

Answer 13

> If concave moving on stationary convex - glide occurs in same direction as roll
If convex moving on stationary concave - glide occurs in opposite direction to roll