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A and P Exam 2 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Define Articulation

A

Site where 2 or more bones meet

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2
Q

Function of joints

A

Give skeleton mobility

Hold skeleton together

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3
Q

Joints are classified on allowed movement

Name 3 classifications

A

Synarthroses - immoveable

Amphiarthroses - slightly moveable

Diarthroses - freely movable

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4
Q

Name 3 structural classifications

A

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

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5
Q

Define fibrous joints

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue

No joint cavity

Most are synarthrotic (immovable)

3 types

  1. sutures
  2. syndesmoses
  3. gomphoses
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6
Q

Fibrous Joints: sutures

A
  • Rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective tissue fibers
  • Allow for growth during youth
  • In middle age, sutures ossify and are called synostoses
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7
Q

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses

A

Bones connected by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue)

Movement varies from immovable to slightly movable

Examples:

  1. Synarthrotic distal tibiofibular joint
  2. Diarthrotic interosseous connection between radius and ulna
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8
Q

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

A

Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets

Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

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9
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • Bones unitd by cartilage
  • NO JOINT CAVITY
  • 2 types
    1. Synchondroses - A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bone
    2. Symphyses - Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage, slight movement
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10
Q

Synovial Joints

A

All are diarthrotic (free movable)

Include all limb joints; most joints of the body

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11
Q

Distinguishing features of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Articular cartilage: hyaline
  2. Joint (synovial) cavity; small potential space
  3. Articular capsule
  4. Synovial fluid - viscous slippery filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
  5. Reinforcing ligaments - capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular
  6. Rich nerve and blood supply-detect pain, joint position and stretch, capillaries beds make synovial fluid
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12
Q

Synovial Joints: friction-reducing structures

What is a bursae?

A
  • flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
  • contain synovial fluid
  • commonly act “ball bearings” where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendon, or bones rub together
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13
Q

Synovial Joints: Friction-reducing structures:

Tendon Sheath: What is this?

A

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

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14
Q

Stabilizing Factors at synovial joints (3)

A
  • Shapes of articular surface (minor role)
  • Ligament number and location(limited role)
  • Muscle tone, which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut

—-Extremely important in reinforcing should and knee joints and arches of the foot

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15
Q

Name the ranges of motion

A
  • Nonaxial - slipping movements only
  • Uniaxial - movement in 1 plane
  • Biaxial - movement in 2 planes
  • multiaxial- movement in or around 3 planes
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16
Q

Structural and Functional Characteristics of body joints

A

Look at the pictures

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17
Q

Movements of Synovial Joints (4)

A
  1. Gliding
  2. Angular movements:

Flexion, extension, hyperextension

Adbduction, adduction

circumduction

  1. Rotation

Medial and lateral rotation

  1. Special movements

Supination, pronation

Doriflexion, plantar flexion of foot

Inversion, eversion

Protraction, retraction

Elevation, depression

Opposition

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18
Q

What is gliding movements?

A

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface

Example:

intercarpal joints

intertarsal joints

between articular processes of vertebrae

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19
Q

Angular Movements Description

A
  • Movements that occur along the saggital plane:
    1. Flexion - decreases the angle of the joint
    2. Extension - increases the angle of the joint
    3. Hyperextension - excessive extension beyond normal range of motion
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20
Q

Angular Movements

A

Occur along the frontal plane:

Abdction: movement away from the midline

Adduction: movement toward the midline

Circumduction: flexion + abduction+extension+adduction of a limb so as to describe a cone in space

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21
Q

Rotation

A

The turning of a bone around its own long axis

Examples

Between c1 and c2 vertebrae

Rotation of humerus and femur

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22
Q

Special movements

movements of radius and ulna

A

Supination - rotating palms to be facing forward - hold a bowl of soup

Pronation - palms posterior -pro basketball players dribble with a pronated hand

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23
Q

Movements of foot:

A

Dorsiflexion (upward)

Plantar Flexion (down)

Pronation - flat footed

supination - high arch

inversion - turn sole medially

eversion - turn sole laterally

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24
Q

Picture of inversion and eversion of foot

A

look at picture

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25
Q

What are movements in transverse plane?

A

Protraction - anterior movement

Retraction - posterior movement

26
Q

What is elevation and depression?

A

Elevation (lifting body part superiorly)

Depression (moving body part inferiorly)

27
Q

What is opposition of the thumb?

A

movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers

28
Q

Classification of synovial joints based on shape of articular surfaces (6)

A

plane

hinge

pivot

condyloid

saddle

ball and socket

29
Q

What are plane joints?

A
  • Nonaxial joint
  • flat articular sufaces
  • short gliding movements
30
Q

Hinge Joints

A
  • Uniaxial joint
  • motion along a single plane
  • flexion and extension only
31
Q

Pivot Joints

A
  • rounded end of one bone conforms to a sleeve or ring of another bone
  • uniaxial movement only
32
Q

Condyloid Joints (ellispsoidal)

A
  • biaxial joint
  • both articular surfaces are oval

permit all angular movements

33
Q

Saddle joints

A
  • biaxial
  • allow greater freedom of moveent than condyloid joints
  • each articular surface has both concave and convex areas
34
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

multiaxial joint

most freely moving synovial joints

35
Q

knee joint

A
  • larges mosts complex joint of body
  • three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity

—femoropatellar joint

—–plane joint

—–allows gliding motion during knee flexion

—lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci (semilunal cartilages) of the tibia

—–allow flexion, extension, some rotation when knee is partly flexed

36
Q

superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint showing menisci and cruciate ligaments

A

See picture

37
Q

Knee joint

A
  • atleast 12 associated bursae
  • capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons
  • joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly
  • anteriorly, the quadriceps tendon gives rise to

—-lateral and medial patellar ritinacula

—-patellar ligament

38
Q

What does the capsular and extracapsular ligaments do?

A

help prevent hyperextension

39
Q

what does the intracapsular ligament do?

A
  • anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
  • prevent anterior-posterior displacement
  • reside outside the synovial cavity
40
Q

Shoulder Joint (Glenohumeral)

A
  • ball and socket joint: head of humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula
  • stability os sacrificed for greater freedom of movement
41
Q

Anterior view of right shoulder joint capsule

A

look at picture

42
Q

Lateral view of socket of right shoulder joint, humerus removed

A

See picture

43
Q

Hip (coxal) joint

A
  • ball and socket joint
  • head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
  • good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket
  • acetabular labrum - enhances depth of socket
44
Q

See picture of Posterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place

A

See picture

45
Q

See anterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place

A

see picture

46
Q

Temporomandibular Joint

A
  • Mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone
  • Two types of movement

—-Hinge - depression and elevation of mandible

—Gliding —e.g. side-to-side (lateral excursion) grinding teeth

-Most easily dislocated joint in the body

47
Q

Common Joint Injuries

A

Sprains

Cartilage Tears

Dislocations (luxations)

Subluxation

48
Q

What are sprains?

How do we heal?

A

ligaments are stretched or torn

partial tears slowly repair themselves

complete ruptures require prompt surgical repair

49
Q

Cartilage tears

A

Due to compression and shear stress

Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind

cartilage rarely repairs itself

repaired with arthroscopic surgury

50
Q

Dislocations (luxations)

A

Occur when bones are forced out of alignment

accompanied by sprains, inflammation, joint immobilization

caused by serious falls or playing sports

51
Q

Subluxation

A

partial dislocation of joint

52
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions

Name 3

A

Bursitis

Tendonitis

Arthritis

53
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction

Treated with rest and ice and, if severe, anti-inflammatory drugs

54
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse

Symptoms and treatment similar to bursitis

55
Q

Arthritis - General explanation

A

100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints

Most widespread crippling disease in USA

Symptoms: pain, stiffness, swelling of joint

Acute forms: caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics

Chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis

56
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A
  • Common, irreversible, degenerative arthritis - wear and tear
  • 85% of all Americans develop 0A, more women than men
  • Probably related to normal aging process
  • More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints
  • exposed bone end thickens, enlarge, form bone spurs, restrict movement
  • treatment: moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams, surgury
57
Q

Rheumatoid Arthrisitis (RA)

A
  • Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease - unknown cause
  • Usually arises between 40 and 50 but may occur at any age, 3 times more women as men
  • Signs and symptoms include joint pain, swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, cardiovascular problems
  • RA begins with synovitis of affected joint
  • Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, release inflammatory chemicals
  • Inflammed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus
  • Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect (ankylosis)
58
Q

Treatment of RA

A
  • Conservative therapy: asprin, long-term use of antibiotics and PT
  • Progressive treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants
  • New biological response modifier drugs neutralize inflammatory chemicals
59
Q

Gouty Arthritis

A
  • Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation
  • more common in men
  • typically affects the joint at the base of great toe
  • In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint
  • treatment: drugs, plenty of water, avoid alcohol
60
Q

Lyme Disease

A
  • caused by bacteria transmitted by deer tick
  • symptoms: skin rash, flu like symptoms, foggy thinking
  • may lead to joint pain and arthritis
  • treatment: antibiotics

A and P Exam 2 (3 decks)

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