Joints

Question 1

Which joint classification has the least amount of movement?

Answer 1

Fibrous
- ligaments hold bones together

Question 2

Which joint classification has some movement?

Answer 2

Cartilaginous

Question 3

Which joint classification has the most amount of movement?

Answer 3

Synovial

Question 4

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 4

Free moving
Most limb joints
Amount of, and direction of, movement is determined by joint structure

Question 5

What are the features of synovial joints?

Answer 5

Complex association of tissues no structures
Facilitation of free movement and controlled movement
Bone ends determine the range of motion at a joint

Question 6

What are some feature of the synovial joint structure?

Answer 6

Bone ends
Articulation cartilage
Joint capsule
Joint cavity
Synovial membrane
Ligaments

Question 7

What is articulation cartilage?

Answer 7

Covers bone ends where they articulate
Creates smooth, frictionless movement

Question 8

What is the joint capsule?

Answer 8

Outer layer of DFCT
Inner layer of synovial membrane
Holds bones together
Tight and thick where more support is required
Loose where movement is allowed

Question 9

What does the synovial membrane do?

Answer 9

Secretes synovial fluid
Lubrication of joint
Nutrients to avascular structures

Question 10

Hyaline (articular) cartilage

Answer 10

Resist compression
High water content in matrix
Sparse collagen fibres

Question 11

What are the two collateral ligaments of the knee?

Answer 11

Medial collateral ligament (MCL) and Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

Question 12

MCL and LCL are both what type of ligament

Answer 12

Capsular ligaments

Question 13

What are the functions of MCL

Answer 13

Connects femur to tibia
Restricts abduction

Question 14

What are the functions of LCL?

Answer 14

Connects femur to fibula
Restricts adduction

Question 15

What are the 2 cruciate ligaments of the knee?

Answer 15

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Question 16

ACL and PCL are both what type of ligament?

Answer 16

Cruciate ligaments of the knee

Question 17

In which direction does the ACL go?

Answer 17

anterior of tibia to posture of femur

Question 18

In which direction does the PCL go?

Answer 18

Posture of tibia to anterior of femur

Question 19

What type of ligament is a cruciate ligament?

Answer 19

An intracapsular ligament

Question 20

What are the functions fibrocartilaginous?

Answer 20

Fill in space
Provide cushioning/shock absorption
and/or deepen articulations

Question 21

What is the main objective of synovial joints?

Answer 21

Mobility

Question 22

Which part/s of a synovial joint ensures smooth, frictionless movement?

Answer 22

Synovial fluid

Question 23

Which parts of a synovial joint holds bones together?

Answer 23

Ligaments

Question 24

Which parts of a synovial joint influence the possible movement at a joint?

Answer 24

The shape of the joint ends
Ligament location and length
Body surface contact
Muscles

Question 25

What are the three types of axes?

Answer 25

Uniaxial (one axis) Biaxial (two axes) Multiaxial (many axes)

Question 26

Types of synovial joints

Answer 26

Plane Hinge Pivot Condylar Ellipsis Saddle Ball & socket

Question 27

Plane joint

Answer 27

Multiaxial ‘Sliding’ & ‘gliding’ Flat articular surfaces

Question 28

Hinge joint

Answer 28

Uniaxial Movements are flexion and extension

Question 29

Pivot joint

Answer 29

Uniaxial Movement is rotation

Question 30

Condylar joint

Answer 30

Biaxial Flexion & extension Rotation (when flexed)

Question 31

Ellipsoid joint

Answer 31

Biaxial Flexsion and extension Abduction and adduction Circumduction NO ROTATION

Question 32

saddle joint

Answer 32

Biaxial Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction Circumdunction Obligatory rotation - opposition

Question 33

Ball and socket

Answer 33

Multiaxial Flexion and extension Abduction Abduction and adduction Circumdunction Rotation

Question 34

Bone growth

Answer 34

Start with cartilage model Endochondral ossification

Question 35

Primary ossification centres

Answer 35

Diaphysis is primary ossification centre Epiphyses remain cartilage

Question 36

Secondary ossification centres

Answer 36

Epipishyses ( same ossification process as primary centres) Separated from diaphysis by epiphyseal plate/growth plate

Question 37

Bone growth in length

Answer 37

Enabled by epiphyseal plates (growth plates), Formed by cartilage Starting from puberty, epiphyseal start to fuse with diaphyses

Question 38

Bone growth in width

Answer 38

Appositional growth Osteoblast activity produces circumferential lamellae Osteoclasts mould bone shape and form medullary cavity

Question 39

Key soft tissues

Answer 39

Cartilage and DFCT

Question 40

What is DFCT?

Answer 40

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Question 41

What is in DFCT?

Answer 41

Ligaments Tendons Joint capsules

Question 42

What is in the cartilage category?

Answer 42

Hyaline (articular) Fibrocartilage

Question 43

What makes cartilage

Answer 43

Chondrocytes

Question 44

Avascular

Answer 44

No blood vessels Nutrients diffused through matrix by joint loading

Question 46

Hyaline cartilage functions

Answer 46

Moulds to surfaces of bones where they articulate Creates smooth surface Found on articulating surfaces of bones Degrades with age

Question 47

Fibrocartilage

Answer 47

Resist compression and tension Many collagen fibres in bundles Orientation of fibres in bundles Orientation of fibres aligns with stresses