Joints

Question 1

Synarthrosis (movement, anatomy, ex)

Answer 1

Movement: immobile or nearly immobile

Anatomy:
- strong union between articulating bones.
- fibrous, cartilaginous, or boney fusion

Ex. Skull sutures

Question 2

Amphiarthroses (movement, anatomy, ex.)

Answer 2

Movement: slightly moveable

Anatomy: Fibrous or cartilaginous

Ex. Intervertebral joints

Question 3

Diarthroses (Movement, anatomy, ex.)

Answer 3

Movement: freely moveable

Anatomy: characterized by possessing a joint cavity (synovial joints)

Question 4

Basic components of synovial joints (5)

Answer 4

1. Joint capsule
2. Articulate cartilage
3. Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
4. Synovial membrane
5. Accessory structures
   a. Menisci
   b. Ligaments
   c. Bursae
   d. Fat pads

Question 5

Menisci (Anatomy & Function)

Answer 5

Anatomy: C shaped fibrocartilage pads between bone

Function: Reduce friction, disperse weight, protect & cushion joint surface

Question 6

Ligaments (anatomy, function, types)

Answer 6

Anatomy: fibrous connective tissue connection bone to bone

Function: support and strengthen synovial joints

Types:
- Extracapsular: outside articulated capsule
- Intracapsular: inside articular capsule

Question 7

What is the difference between ligaments and tendons

Answer 7

Ligaments: Fibrous connective tissue that connect bone to bone

Tendon: fibrous connective tissue that connect muscle to bone

Question 8

Bursae (Anatomy & Function)

Answer 8

Anatomy:
- Small fluid filled pockets in connective tissue (near tendons and bones).
- Filled with synovial fluid, lined by a synovial membrane

Function: reduce friction & act as shock absorbers

Question 9

Fat pads (Anatomy, Function)

Answer 9

Anatomy: found near the perigees of the joint

Function:
- protect articular cartilage
- cushion joint

Question 10

Gliding movement

Answer 10

Two opposing flat surfaces slide past eachother

Ex intertarsal joints of the foot

Question 11

Angular movement

Answer 11

Movement that changes the angle between articulating bones

• Flexion/Extension
• Abduction/Adduction
• Circumduction

Question 12

Rotational Movement

Answer 12

Right/left

Medial/lateral or internal/external

Supination/pronation

Question 13

Special movements: the foot

Answer 13

Inversion/eversion

Dorsiflextion (decrease angle)
Plantarflextion (point)

Question 14

Special movements: Thumb

Answer 14

Opposition: cross palm to touch tips of fingers

Reposition: back to anatomical position

Question 15

Special movements (Jaw/ scapula)

Answer 15

Protraction: anteriorly in transverse plane

Retraction: posteriorly in transverse plane

Question 16

Special movements (up/down)

Answer 16

Elevation: structure moves in superior direction

Depression: structure moves in inferior direction

Question 17

Special movements: Vertebral column

Answer 17

Flexion/ extension

Latéral flexion: side bend

Rotation: twist

Question 18

Gliding joint (Anatomy/Movement, ex)

Answer 18

Anatomy/movement: Flattened or slightly curved surfaces slide across eachother

Ex. Intertarsal joint

Question 19

Hinge joint (Anatomy, Movement, ex)

Answer 19

Anatomy: convex surface of one bone articulates with concave surface or another

Movement: mono axial; angular movement across one axis (flexion/extension)

Ex. Elbow, knee ankle

Question 20

Pivot joint (Anatomy, Movement, ex.)

Answer 20

Anatomy: pointed surface of bone articulated with a ring (made of bone and ligament)

Movement: monoaxial: only rotation

Ex. atlantoaxial joint and proximal radioulnar joint

Question 21

Ellipsoïdal / Condylar joint
(Anatomy, Movement, ex.)

Answer 21

Anatomy: oval surface (condyle) sits within a depression on the opposing surface

Movement: Biaxial: permits motions across two axes
- flexion/ extension
- abduction/ adduction (and circumduction)

Ex. Metacarpophalangeal joints

Question 22

Saddle joint
(Anatomy, Movement, ex.)

Answer 22

Anatomy: articular surface of a bone fits into saddle shaped bone

Movement: Biaxial: angular movement across two axes, opposition

Ex. Thumb: first carpometacarpal joint

Question 23

Ball and socket
(Anatomy, Movement, ex.)

Answer 23

Anatomy: round head or a bone fits into a cup shaped depression of a bone

Movement: triaxial (angular rotation across three axes) angular motion, circumduction, rotation

Ex. Shoulder, hip