Joints Flashcards
What are the four major categories of Joints?
Bony, fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
What is a joint and what its another name for it?
Any point where two bones meet is a joint, also called an articulation.
What is arthrology?
The science of joint structure, function and dysfunction
What is kinesiology?
The study of musculoskeletal movement.
What is another name for a bony joint and what defines what it is?
It is also called a synostosis; it is an immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become in effect a single bone.
What is another name for a fibrous joint and what defines what it is?
It is also called a synarthrosis; It is a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them , and penetrate into the other.
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Sutures, Gomphoses, Syndesmosis
What is a Suture
Sutures are immobile or only slightly mobile joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other. They occur nowhere else.
What are the three types of suture? What are the characteristics of each?
Serrate: as wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly interlock with each other by their serrated margins. (sagittal, lambdoid sutures)
Lap: Two bones have overlapping beveled edges (temporal-parietal junction)
Plane (butt): Two bones have straight nonoverlapping edges. (intermaxilary, roof of the mouth)
What is a Gomphosis (pl. Gomphoses)?
The attachment of a tooth to its socket is called a gomphosis
What are Syndesmoses?
A fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers. More flexible. Ex. Radius/ulna bound by interosseous membrane, also fibula/tibia.
What is another name for a Cartilaginous Joint? What defines it?
Amphiarthrosis. In these joints, two bones are linked by cartilage.
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses and symphyses
What is a Synchondroses?
A joint in which the bones are joined by Hyaline cartilage. Example is the temporary joint between the epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones in a child, or the first rib to the sternum by a hyaline costal cartilage.
What is cartilage?
A relatively stiff connective tissues with a flexible rubbery matrix. External ear; nose, Adams apple
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrocartilage
What is Hyaline Cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage is named for it’s clear glassy appearance which stems from the usually invisible fineness of its collagen fibers.
Elastic Cartilage
Elastic cartilage is named for its conspicuous elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage
Is noted for its coarse, readily visible bundles of collagen
What is perichondrium
A sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that forms a sheath that surrounds elastic cartilage and most hyaline cartilage.
What is a symphysis joint?
Two bones are joined by fibrocartilage. Example is the pubic symphysis joining the left and right pubic bones. (joined by the pubic disk, together with the bones it forms the pubic symphysis
What is another name for a synovial joint? What are its characteristics
The most familiar and complex joints in the body. Knee, elbow, knuckle
What covers the facing surfaces of synovial joints?
Articular Cartilage. A layer of hyaline cartilage up to 2 or 3mm thick. Separated by the joint (articular) cavity containing the slipper lubricant synovial fluid.
What encloses the Joint Cavity and retains the fluid?
The Joint Capsule, which is made up of the synovial membrane and the fibrous capsule
Tendon
A strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissues that attaches a muscle to a bone
Ligament
A strip or sheet of collagenous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another.
Bursa
A fibrous sack of synovial fluid located between adjacent muscles where a tendon passes over a bone or between bone and skin
What are the six classes of synovial joints?
- Ball and Socket
- Condylar (ellipsoid)
- Saddle Joints
- Plane (gliding) joints
- Hinge Joints
- Pivot Joints
Ball and Socket Joints
Shoulder and hip Joints onlyl. One bone has a smooth hemispherical head that fits into a cuplike socket
Condylar (ellipsoid) Joints
These joints exhibit an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other. Radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers.
Saddle Joints
Both bones have a saddle shaped surface - concave in one direction and convex in the other. Trapeziometacarpal Joint between the trapezium of the wrist and metacarpal 1 a t the base of the thumb
Plane (gliding) joints
The bone surfaces are flat or only slightly concave and convex. Th adjacent bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement. Between the carpal bones of the wrist, the tarsal bones of the ankle and the articular processes of the vertebrae.
Hinge Joints
Essentially monaxial joints moving freely in one plane with very little movement in any other like a door hinge. Elbow, knee and interphalangeal (finger and toe) joints
Pivot Joints
Monaxial joints in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis like a bicycle wheel spinning on its axle. Atlantoaxial joint between the first two vertebrae and the radioulnar joint at the elbow
Flexion
A movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane
Extension
A movement that increases a joint angle, or straightens it. Returns a joint to the zero position
Hyperextension
Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position
Abduction
Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline
Hyperadduction
As when you stand with your ankles crossed, cross your fingers or hyper adduct the shoulder to stand with your elbows straight and your hands clasped below your waist.
Elevation
A movement that raises a body part vertically in the Frontal plane
Depression
Lowers a body part in the frontal plane
Protraction
Anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane.
Retraction
Posterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane
Circumduction
One end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
Rotation
A movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis like a bicycle wheel.
Supination (forearm)
A movement that turns the palm to face the anteriorly or upward
Pronation (forearm)
Causes the palm to face posteriorly or downward and the radius to cross the ulna like an X
What is the Jaw Joint?
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
What is the shoulder Joint?
glenolumeral Joint
What is the Elbow Joint
humeroulnar joint
Hip Joint
Coxal Joint
What is the Knee Joint
tibiofemoral Joint
What is the ankle joint
talocrural Joint
