Joints

Question 1

Describe connective tissue

Answer 1

• connective tissue is a classification of tissue that all share a common molecular composition
• connective tissued provide support, protection, and give structure to other tissues in the body

Question 2

Provide at least 5 examples of connective tissue

Answer 2

• bones
• cartilage
  
  • hyaline cartilage covers the articular surface (joint surfaces) of the bone
  • fibrocartilage is a strong cartilage that forms the intervertebral discs and supports many solid joints
• ligaments
• tendons
• joint capsules
• fascia
• blood and blood vessels
• skeletal muscles are NOT connective tissue

Question 3

Describe the structure of connective tissue

Answer 3

• connective tissue structure often represents the role it plays within the body
• tendons connect muscles to bones and have force transmitted along their length in one primary direction
  
  • the fibers within a tendon are oriented consistently lengthwise
• joint capsules surround joints and can have forces transmitted through them in all directions
  
  • the fibers of joint capsules are oriented in all directions

Question 4

Describe flexion

Answer 4

Decreases the angle between body parts on either side of a joint

Question 5

Describe extension

Answer 5

Increases the angle between body parts on either side of a joint

Question 6

Describe abduction

Answer 6

movement away from the midline in coronal/frontal plane - think going into T Pose or doing a side leg swing out

Question 7

Describe adduction

Answer 7

movement towards the midline in coronal/frontal plane - returning leg from horizontal leg swing and returning to neutral from T Pose

Question 8

Describe medial rotation

Answer 8

rotational movement towards the midline

Question 9

Describe lateral rotation

Answer 9

rotational movement away from the midline

Question 10

Describe elevation and depression

Answer 10

Elevation: move superiorly - think shoulder raising
Depression: move inferiorly - think shoulder lowering
(shrugging movement)

Question 11

Describe protraction/retraction

Answer 11

protraction: bring anteriorly - hunched shoulders
retraction: bring posteriorly - posture check!

Question 12

Describe joint types

Answer 12

• no joint cavity present - the bone surfaces are connected by stiff connective tissue (most often fibrocartilage)
• allow very little to no movement

Question 13

Describe synovial joints

Answer 13

have a small cavity between adjoining bones which is surrounded by a joint capsule - inside the small cavity is filled with synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint surfaces during movement
- these joints allow for movement

Question 14

Name the 7 types of synovial joints

Answer 14

1. planar
2. hinge
3. pivot
4. bicondylar
5. condylar
6. saddle
7. ball and socket

Question 15

Describe planar joints

Answer 15

• uniaxial
• bones are relatively flat or slightly convex/concave
• allow sliding or gliding movements between bones in one plane

Question 16

Describe the acromioclavicular joint

Answer 16

joint type: planar
joint movement: sliding/gliding in one plane
joint in the shoulder where two bones meet. One bone is the collarbone or clavicle. The second bone is part of the shoulder blade (scapula)