joints Flashcards

1
Q

joint

A

meeting between two or more bones with or without movement

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2
Q

types of joints

A
  • fibrous joints
  • cartilaginous joints
  • synovial joints
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3
Q

type of fibrous joints

A
  • sutures
  • syndesmosis
  • gomphosis
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4
Q

sutures

A
  • bones connected by sutural ligaments
  • example: sutures of skull
  • allow little or no movement
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5
Q

sydesmosis (does not ossify)

A
  • joined by interosseous ligaments
  • example is inferior tibiofibular
  • allow little movement
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6
Q

gomphosis (peg and socket)

A

joint between roots of tooth and mandible (or maxilla)
- movement is pathological

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7
Q

cartilaginous joints are united by

A
  • hyaline (primary cartilaginous)
  • fibrocartilage (secondary cartilaginous)
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8
Q

primary cartilaginous

A
  • joined by hyaline cartilage (immobile)
  • present in: epiphyseal plate, ribs and costal cartilage, costal cartilage of the first rib and mani barium
  • usually ossify
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9
Q

secondary cartilaginous

A
  • the bones are united by fibrocartilage
  • slightly mobile and found in the midline
    1. symphysis menti (mandible)
    2. symposia pubis (hip)
    3. intervertebral disc
    4. joints between manubrium and body of sternum, and body of sternum and diploid
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10
Q

synovial joints

A
  • most common
  • the joint has outer fibrous capsule connecting to articulating bones
  • articulate surfaces are covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage (articulate cartilage)
  • the fibrous capsule is lined by synovial membrane that covers the non-articular parts of bones inside the joint
  • the joint has a cavity — the synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid that fills the joint
  • joints have accessory ligaments supporting the capsule
  • additional structures: discs in temporomandibular joint, menisci in knee joint, labrum in shoulder and hip, tendons as biceps brachii in shoulder joint
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11
Q

types of synovial joints

A
  • uniaxial — allow two movements along one axis
  • biaxial — allow four movements along two axis
  • polyaxial — allow movements on multiple axis (more than two)
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12
Q

uniaxial types

A

hinge and pivot

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13
Q

hinge

A

(articular surfaces = hinge of the joint) movements along horizontal axis allowing flexion and extension e.g. elbow joint, knee and ankle

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14
Q

pivot

A

a central bony pivot rotates inside a ring. movement is on a vertical axis e.g. superior radio-ulnar and alantoaxial

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15
Q

biaxial

A

ellipsoid, condyloid, and saddle

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16
Q

ellipsoid

A

a condyle articulates with an elliptical depression e.g. wrist

17
Q

condyloid

A

joints have two distinct convex surfaces that articulate with two concave surfaces allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction e.g. knuckle joints

18
Q

saddle

A

concave-convex surfaces articulate together e.g. carpometacarpal of the thumb. permits flexion,extension, adduction, abduction, and some rotation

19
Q

polyaxial

A

ball and socket, plane

20
Q

ball and socket (spheroidal)

A

they permits all types of movements e.g. shoulder and hips

21
Q

plane

A

articular surface are flats they permit bones to slide on one another
e.g. sternoclavicular

22
Q

factors supporting joints

A
  • shape of articulating bones
  • supporting ligament
  • tone of surrounding muscles
23
Q

hiltons law

A
  • nerve supplying a joint supplies 1. muscles acting on this joint 2. skin overlying insertions of these muscles