joints

Question 1

joint

Answer 1

meeting between two or more bones with or without movement

Question 2

types of joints

Answer 2

• fibrous joints
• cartilaginous joints
• synovial joints

Question 3

type of fibrous joints

Answer 3

• sutures
• syndesmosis
• gomphosis

Question 4

sutures

Answer 4

• bones connected by sutural ligaments
• example: sutures of skull
• allow little or no movement

Question 5

sydesmosis (does not ossify)

Answer 5

• joined by interosseous ligaments
• example is inferior tibiofibular
• allow little movement

Question 6

gomphosis (peg and socket)

Answer 6

joint between roots of tooth and mandible (or maxilla)
- movement is pathological

Question 7

cartilaginous joints are united by

Answer 7

• hyaline (primary cartilaginous)
• fibrocartilage (secondary cartilaginous)

Question 8

primary cartilaginous

Answer 8

• joined by hyaline cartilage (immobile)
• present in: epiphyseal plate, ribs and costal cartilage, costal cartilage of the first rib and mani barium
• usually ossify

Question 9

secondary cartilaginous

Answer 9

• the bones are united by fibrocartilage
• slightly mobile and found in the midline
  1. symphysis menti (mandible)
  2. symposia pubis (hip)
  3. intervertebral disc
  4. joints between manubrium and body of sternum, and body of sternum and diploid

Question 10

synovial joints

Answer 10

• most common
• the joint has outer fibrous capsule connecting to articulating bones
• articulate surfaces are covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage (articulate cartilage)
• the fibrous capsule is lined by synovial membrane that covers the non-articular parts of bones inside the joint
• the joint has a cavity — the synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid that fills the joint
• joints have accessory ligaments supporting the capsule
• additional structures: discs in temporomandibular joint, menisci in knee joint, labrum in shoulder and hip, tendons as biceps brachii in shoulder joint

Question 11

types of synovial joints

Answer 11

• uniaxial — allow two movements along one axis
• biaxial — allow four movements along two axis
• polyaxial — allow movements on multiple axis (more than two)

Question 12

uniaxial types

Answer 12

hinge and pivot

Question 13

hinge

Answer 13

(articular surfaces = hinge of the joint) movements along horizontal axis allowing flexion and extension e.g. elbow joint, knee and ankle

Question 14

pivot

Answer 14

a central bony pivot rotates inside a ring. movement is on a vertical axis e.g. superior radio-ulnar and alantoaxial

Question 15

biaxial

Answer 15

ellipsoid, condyloid, and saddle

Question 16

ellipsoid

Answer 16

a condyle articulates with an elliptical depression e.g. wrist

Question 17

condyloid

Answer 17

joints have two distinct convex surfaces that articulate with two concave surfaces allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction e.g. knuckle joints

Question 18

saddle

Answer 18

concave-convex surfaces articulate together e.g. carpometacarpal of the thumb. permits flexion,extension, adduction, abduction, and some rotation

Question 19

polyaxial

Answer 19

ball and socket, plane

Question 20

ball and socket (spheroidal)

Answer 20

they permits all types of movements e.g. shoulder and hips

Question 21

plane

Answer 21

articular surface are flats they permit bones to slide on one another
e.g. sternoclavicular

Question 22

factors supporting joints

Answer 22

• shape of articulating bones
• supporting ligament
• tone of surrounding muscles

Question 23

hiltons law

Answer 23

• nerve supplying a joint supplies 1. muscles acting on this joint 2. skin overlying insertions of these muscles