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COM: PCMI > Joint Mechanics (DSA) > Flashcards

Joint Mechanics (DSA) Flashcards

1
Q

What does ginglymos mean?

A

Hinge

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2
Q

What does gomphosis mean?

A

Bolting together

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3
Q

What does cartilago mean?

A

Gristle

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4
Q

What does fibra mean?

A

Threadlike

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5
Q

What does arthron mean?

A

joint

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6
Q

What does junctio mean?

A

A joining

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7
Q

What does syn mean?

A

Toghether

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8
Q

What does dis mean?

A

Two

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints (synarthroses)?

A

Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)?

A

Hyaline (synchondroses)

Fibrocartilage (symphyses)

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11
Q

What are the 3 type of synovial joints (diarthroses)?

A

Spheroid
Hinge
Condylar

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12
Q

What is movement of fibrous joints dependent on and what unites the bones of a fibrous joint?

A
  • Movement is dependent on the length of the fibers uniting the bones
  • Type of joint united by dense fibrous tissue
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13
Q

What are suture joints held together by?

A

Several layers of strong CT -> extremely tight, provides little movement

  • Ex. Skull sutures
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14
Q

What are the 2 types of suture edges of suture joints?

A

Squamous type = the edges overlap

Serrate type = the edges interlock

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of a syndesmosis fibrous joint?

A
  • Bones are united by a sheet of fibrous tissue
  • Can be a ligament or a fibrous membrane (interosseous membrane between radius and ulna, ankle syndesmosis, etc)
  • Movement can be slight up to considerable depending upon distance between the bones and the degree of flexibility of the uniting fibrous tissue
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16
Q

What are characteristics of gomphosis fibrous joints?

A
  • Unique joint between a tooth and the bone in its alveolus (socket)
  • Fibrous tissue of the periodontal ligament firmly anchors the tooth
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17
Q

What are characteristics of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Strong ligamentous support

- Small rocking, sliding motion

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of primary cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Bones united by hyaline cartilage
  • Usually a temporary union
  • Permits slight bending during early life
  • Permits growth, then usually fuses when growth is completed
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19
Q

What are characteristics of secondary cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Surfaces of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and the bones are united by strong fibrous CT and/or fibrocartilage
  • Strong, slightly movable joints
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20
Q

Joints between vertebral bodies and pubic symphysis are examples of what joint type?

A

Cartilaginous

21
Q

What are characteristics of synovial joints?

A
  • Most common
  • Provide free movement
  • Lined with synovial membranes or capsules
  • Some contain fibrocartilage disc or meniscus
22
Q

What are the characteristics of the articular cartilage found in synovial joiints?

A
  • Usually hyaline cartilage, although the matrix contains many collaginous fibers
  • No blood vessel or nerve supply
  • Nourished by synovial fluid which obtain nutrients from capillaries in synovial membrane
23
Q

What are the characteristics of the synovial membrane of synovial joints?

A
  • Vascular CT membrane that lines the entire joint caivity
  • Doesnt cover the articular cartilage
  • Produces synovial fluid
  • Regenerates if damaged
24
Q

What are the characteristics of accessory ligaments of the articular joint capsule of synovial joints?

A
  • Intrinsic or extrinsic
  • Limit joint movement in undesirable directions to aid in preventing damage to the joint
  • Maintain the normal relationship between the articulating bones
  • Can be injured easily
25
Q

What are characteristics of articular discs found in synovial joints?

A
  • Present where the articulating surfaces are incongruous
  • Usually fibrocartilaginous pads holding bones together
  • Nerves present only at attached margins
26
Q

What is the role of the fibrocartilaginous ring (labrum) of a synovial joint?

A
  • Deepens the articualr surface for one of the bones

- Ex. glenoid labrum of the shoulder

27
Q

What are characteristics of planar synovial joints?

A
  • Numerous and nearly always small
  • Permit gliding or sliding movements
  • Opposed bone surfaces flat or almost flat
  • Move in only one axis
  • Movement limited by tight articular capsules
  • *Injuries relatively common**
28
Q

AC joint, proximal tibiofibular joint, intercarpal joints, and the SC joint are all examples of what type of joint?

A

Planar synovial

29
Q

What are characteristics of hinge joints (ginlymus)?

A
  • Uniaxial joiont with the axis being at a right angle to the bones involved
  • strong collaterla ligaments
  • Occur in elbow, knee, ankle, IP joints
30
Q

What are characteristics of ball and socket (spheroidal) synovial joints?

A
  • Multiaxial, highly movable
  • spheroidal surface of one bone moves within the socket of another bone
  • Flexion/extension, ab/adduction, medial/lateral, rotation, circumduction
31
Q

What are characteristics of pivot synovial joints(trochoid)?

A
  • Uniaxial joints which allow rotation
  • One element rotates on its own axis
  • Rounded process rotates within a sleeve or ring
32
Q

The radioulnar joint is an example of what type of joint?

A

Pivot synovial joint (trochoid)

33
Q

What are characteristics of condyloid and ellipsoid synovial joints?

A
  • Partial flattening of both articular surfaces
  • modified spheroid
  • MCP
  • Radiocarpal
34
Q

What are characteristics of saddle synovial joints (sellar)?

A
  • Biaxial with opposing surfaces shaped like a saddle
  • Allows flexion/extension, ab/adduction, circumduction
  • Carpalmetacarpal of thumb
35
Q

T/F: Joints have a rich nerve supply

A

True

  • Nerve endings are found in the articular capsule
36
Q

What is hiltons law?

A

Nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering the attachments of these muscles

37
Q

Where are pain fibers numerous in joints?

A

In the fibrous capsule aand its associated ligaments

  • Sensory endings respond to twisting and stretching
38
Q

What types of arteries supply joints?

A

Numerous articular arteries

  • Arise from vessels around the joint
  • often communicate or anastomose to form networks
  • Diffusion occurs readily from these arteries into the joint cavitty
39
Q

What is wolff’s law?

A

Bone is increased where needed and reabsorded where it is not

  • Increased density/hypertrophy related to increase stresses
  • Decreased density related to disuse or aging
40
Q

What are characteristics of cartilage remodeling and adaptation?

A
  • Trauma or abnormal wear leads to structural disruption of matrix
  • loses elasticity therefore increases stiffness
  • limited capacity to regenerate or repair
  • with repeated high stresses can lead to development of degenerative joint disease
41
Q

What are the characteristics of remodeling and adaptation of ligaments and tendons?

A
  • Become stronger and stiffer with increased stress (number and quality of callagen cross-links increase)
  • Become weaker and less stiff with a reduction of stress (loss of collagen due to immobilization and aging)
42
Q

What are the 3 basic forms or arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis
Inflammatory
Traumatic

43
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

The most common form of arthritis. Occurs when the protective cartilage on the ends of bones wears down over time

44
Q

Explain the inflammatory form of arthritis

A

Many inflammatory forms of arthritis are autoimmune diseases causing the body to degenerate its own joiints

45
Q

The fibrous capsule of a synovial joint is highly sensitive, whereas the synovial membrane is relatively insensitive. What does this mean for joint pain?

A
  • Its poorly localized
  • Can be referred to overlying skin or muscle
  • May be visceral disturbances associated
46
Q

What is fibrillation in terms of joint degeneration?

A
  • Early degenerative change of the articular cartilage due to the loss of proteoglycans
  • Unmasks collagen fibers and increases water content in chondrocytes
  • Equivalent of a superficial erosion of the cartilage
  • Affected cartilage becomes dull with a yellowish discoloration taking a characteritic ground-glass appearance
47
Q

What is eburnation in terms of joint degeneration?

A
  • Complete loss (ulceration) of articular cartilage
  • Accompanied by a thickening of the subchondral bone (osteosclerosis)
  • Exposed bone surfaces take an ivory-like appearance (hard and polished)

Its a permanent lesion siince lost cartilage cant be repaired

48
Q

What is “joint mice” osteochondromatosis?

A
  • Fragments of cartilage and/or bone floating free in synovial fluid
  • Pieces of degeneratign cartilage detach from the subchondral bone
  • Commonly seen in degenerative joint diseases (particualrly in “osteochondrosis dissecans”)

COM: PCMI (15 decks)

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