Joint Mechanics Flashcards
3 types of fibrous joints (synarthrosis)
Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
2 types of cartilaginous joints (amphiarthrosis)
Hyaline (syncondrosis)
Fibrocartilage (symphysis)
3 types of synovial joints (diarthroses)
Spheroid
Hinge
Condylar
What type of joint is united by dense fibrous tissue? What is movement dependent on?
Fibrous joints; movement depends on length of fibers uniting bones
_________ are a type of fibrous joint held together by several layers of strong CT; extremely tight and provide little movement
Sutures
What are the 2 types of suture edges associated with suture joints?
Squamous type = edges overlap
Serrate type = edges interlock
________ are a type of fibrous joints where bones are united by a sheet of fibrous tissue; may be a ligament or fibrous membrane
Give examples and degree of movement to be expected
Syndesmosis
Examples: IO membrane between radius and ulna, tibiofibular syndesmosis, tympanostapedial syndesmosis
Movement can be slight to considerable, depending on distance between the bones and degree of flexibility of the uniting fibrous tissue
____ type of fibrous joint between tooth and bone in its alveolus
What anchors the tooth?
Gomphosis
Fibrous tissue of periodontal ligament anchors tooth
What are secondary cartilaginous joints?
Surfaces of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and bones are united by strong fibrous CT and/or fibrocartilage
Distinguishing features of synovial joints
Synovial membrane
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage - hyaline
Articular capsule
Articular cartilage in synovial joints is usually ______ type, although matrix contains many collagenous fibers. There is no _____ or ______ supply, so they are nourished by synovial fluid which obtains nutrients from capillaries in synovial membrane
Hyaline
Blood vessel; nerve
Is the synovial membrane vascular or avascular?
Vascular!
Accessory ligaments are either:
_______ - part of their fibrous capsules
_________ - separate from the fibrous capsules
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Articular ______ are present in synovial joints where the articulating surfaces are incongruous
Discs
_______ = fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the articular surface for the bones
Labrum
Types of synovial joint
Plane Hinge (ginglymus) Ball and socket (spheroidal) Pivot (trochoid) Condyloid & ellipsoid Saddle (sellar)
Classify the AC joint, proximal tibiofibular, intercarpal, and SC joints
Plane joints
AA joint
Radioulnar joint
Pivot joints
_________ law = nerves supplying a joint also supply muscles moving the joint and skin covering attachments of these muscles
Hilton’s
Where in the joint are nerve endings found?
Articular capsule
_______ law == bone is increased where needed and reabsorbed where it is not
Wolff’s
[increased density/hypertrophy related to increase stresses; decreased density related to disuse or aging]
With repeated high stresses to cartilage, what disease may occur?
Degenerative joint disease
What effect does physical training have on ligaments and tendons?
Become stronger/stiffer due to increase in number and quality of collagen cross-links
3 basic forms of arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Inflammatory
Traumatic
Osteoarthritis most commonly affects what joints?
Hips
Knees
The fibrous articular capsule is very sensitive, but the synovial membrane is not. Joint pain is often poorly localized and so pain described is usually referred pain. What principle explains this?
Hilton’s law
_________ = early degenerative change of articular cartilage d/t loss of proteoglycans which unmasks collagen fibers and icnreases water in chondrocytes
Fibrillation
[affected cartilage becomes dull with yellowish color - looks like ground glass!]
________ = complete loss (ulceration) of articular cartilage accompanied by a thickening of subchondral bone (osteosclerosis)
Eburnation
[exposed bone takes on ivory like appearance - hard and polished; lesion is permanent]
“Joint mice” are fragments of cartilage and/or bone floating free in synovial fluid which have detached from the subchondral bone. What conditions is this seen in?
Osteochondromatosis
Degenerative joint diseases (especially osteochondrosis dissecans)
