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Kinesiology > Joint and Muscle Structure and Function > Flashcards

Joint and Muscle Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Synarthroses

A

Reinforced by combo of fibrous and cartilaginous connective tissues

Permit slight to no mvt

More for stability than mobility

Allows forces to be dispersed across relatively large area of contact, thereby reducing injury

Bind to bones together and transmit force from one bone to the next w/ min jt motion

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2
Q

Fibrous Joint

A

Synarthrodial joint

More for stability than mobility

Dense CT, not a lot of mvt

Ex: sutures of skull, distal tibiofibular joint, interosseous membrane

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3
Q

Cartilaginous Joint

A

Synarthrodial joint

More for stability than mobility

Fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage

A little bit of mvt

Ex: intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis

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4
Q

Diarthroses

A

Possess synovial fluid-filled cavity

Permit moderate to extensive mvt

Ex: GH, facet, tibiofemoral, taloacrual

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5
Q

Synovial Joint Elements (ALWAYS)

A

Synovial fluid

Synovial membrane

Articular Cartilage

Joint Capsule

Blood vessels

Nerve endings

Ligaments

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6
Q

Synovial Joint Elements (SOMETIMES)

A

Fat pad

Mensci

Bursa

Labrum

Synovial plicae

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7
Q

Diarthrodial Subclasses (Uniaxial)

A

1 DOF

Hinge - elbow

Pivot - humeroulnar/radial

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8
Q

Diarthrodial Subclasses (Biaxial)

A

2 DOF

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9
Q

Condyloid Joint

A

Biaxial

Shaped so that concave surface of one bony component is allowed to slide over convex surface of another component in two directions (concave surface is more shallow)

3rd DOF is restricted by ligaments

Ex: MCP joints, tibiofemoral joints

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10
Q

Ellipsoid Joint

A

Biaxial

Convex elongated surface in one direction that is matched on concave side (deeper concavity medially and laterally)

No rotation

Ex: radiocarpal

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11
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Biaxial

Each side of saddle joint has two surfaces, one convex and one concave

M/L - convex; A/P - concave

Ex: CMC joint

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12
Q

Diarthrodial Subclasses (Triaxial)

A

3 DOF

Ball-and-socket

Plane - can have multiple mvts (SC joint)

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13
Q

Connective Tissue Makes Up…

A

Ligament

Tendon

Bone

Capsule

Articular and fibrocartilage

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14
Q

Connective Tissue Has…

A

Cells

Extracellular matrix (ECM) - fibrous proteins and ground substance

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15
Q

Connective Tissue Cells

A

Fibroblast - basic cell of most CT (ligaments, tendons, other periarticular CT)

Chondrocytes - hyaline and fibrocartilage

Tenocytes - tendon

Osteocytes - Bone

Manufacture and secretes ECM

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16
Q

Connective Tissue ECM

A

Part of CT outside of cells

Determines tissue function

Fibrous proteins and ground substance

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17
Q

ECM (Fibrous Component)

A

Contains 2 major classes of proteins: collagen and elastin

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18
Q

Collagen

A

ECM fibrous component

Most abundant protein in body

Strength similar to steel (tensile strength)

Responsible for integrity of tissue and response to forces

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19
Q

Collagen Types

A

Type I - tendons, ligaments, fibrocartilage, jt capsules (stiff, strong, little elongation, good for binding/supporting b/w 2 bones)

Type II - cartilage and intervertebral discs (thinner, less tensile strength, maintains shape of complex structures in body)

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20
Q

Elastin

A

ECM fibrous component

Uncoils when stretched

Found in all jt structures

Make up smaller component of ECM than collagen

Found in structures that require more “give”

Ex: aorta, ligamentum nuchae

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21
Q

ECM Ground Substance

A

Non-fibrous component

Fibrous proteins embedded in ground substances

Composes of: glucosaminoglycans (GAG’s), water, solutes

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22
Q

Types of Connective Tissues

A

Dense CT (ligaments, external layer of jt capsule, tendons)

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

Fibrocartilage (mensci, labra, discs)

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23
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

High in Type 1 collagen

Limited blood supply

Irregular (capsule) and regular (ligament/tendon) classification

Regular CT - tissue fibers are aligned in one direction b/c they resist forces in one direction

Irregular CT - withstand multiple directions of mvt

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24
Q

Ligaments

A

Dense CT

Attach bone to bone

Small amounts of cells, large ECM

Mainly Type I collagen

Densely packed, arranged in direction of tensile force

Arrangement of fibers allows for mobility and stability

Stiffen as it approaches bone (common site for degeneration)

25
Tendons
Dense CT Bone muscle to bone Small amount of cells, large ECM Primarily Type I collagen (adapted to larger tensile forces) Collagen fibrils bundle (larger bundle, larger tensile force is can handle)
26
Cartilage
Composition - Small number of cells (chondrocytes) - Solid matrix of collagen and proteoglycans - Water Types - Elastin (ears) - Fibro- (intervertebral discs, labra, TMJ disc, mensci) - Hyaline/articular (covers synovial jt surfaces)
27
Articular Cartilage
Distributes load every over surface (disperse forces) Provide shock absorption Reduce friction Lacks perichondrium (covers most cartilage that supplies blood supply) - limited blood supply, limited ability to self-repair after damage Line each joint
28
Bone Structure
Nonhomogenous (not uniform in structure throughout) Compact - outer layer - hard, dense, provide structure Cancellous - inner layer - spongy, not as dense (trabecular bone)
29
Bone Composition
Organic material - mostly collagen (Type 1) Water Inorganic (minerals) - most
30
Forces on MS System
3 primary types of forces (loads): tension, compression, shear Combo of 2: bending, torsion
31
Shear Force
Translators force (mid-shaft skier)
32
Bending
One side is distracted and one side is compressed Bones do better under bending than shearing forces
33
Stress
Force (internal resistance) per cross-sectional unit of material (F/A) Ex: finger vs. palm
34
Strain
Percentage of change in length or cross-section of structure Change from original point to final point
35
Load Deformation Curve
Elastic region Plastic region Ultimate failure point
36
Elastic Region
Between A and B Structure will return to normal once load is removed Function in this region all the time
37
Plastic Region
Beyond elastic region Will not immediately return but may with time Beyond functional stress Continue to pull, won't return to original length Deformation is permanent
38
Ultimate Failure Point
After C Force exceeds strength of tissue/ligament - tears
39
Stress-Strain Curve
Elastic region - when force is releases there is no permanent change (deformation) in shape Yield point - transition point b/w elastic and plastic region Plastic region - increasing in strain w/ little change in stress, force results in permanent deformation Ultimate failure point - final rupture of material
40
Viscoelasticity
Combo of elasticity and viscosity Elasticity is structure's ability to return to original length or shape Viscous materials is resistant to flow High viscosity tissue has high resistance to deformation (honey), less viscous deforms easily (water)
41
Creep
Force remains constant, length changes over time (continued deformation of material over time with constant load) Ex: textbook
42
Stress-Relaxation
Force decreases over time, length remains the same
43
Muscle Structure
Belly - group of fascicles Fascicle - group of fibers Fibers - group of myofibrils Myofibril - group of myofilaments Myofilaments - made up of contractile proteins (action/myosin)
44
Muscle Morphology
Shape of muscle causes function and force production
45
Fusiform
Fibers run parallel to one another and to central tendon Ex: biceps
46
Pennate
Fibers that approach their central tendon obliquely Most muscles Generate large force Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
47
Physiologic Cross-Sectional Area
Reflects amount of active proteins available to generate contraction of force Maximal force potential is proportional to sum of cross-sectional area of all its fibers Thicker muscle generates more force Total amount of active proteins that performs contraction force Increases in area - greater force - more active proteins are present to generate force
48
Pennation Angle
Angle of orientation b/w fibers and tendon If parallel - angle is 0 degrees (all force transmitted to tendon) If greater than 0 (oblique) - less of the force is transmitted to the tendon (more fibers in a given length of muscle - more cross-sectional area)
49
Passive Length Tension
Stretching whole muscle elongates both parallel and series elastic components generating springlike resistance Resistance back from stretched muscle Ex: hamstrings Critical length - max stretch Tension going to increase if stretch increases Created by non-contractile forces Serves to move or stabilize (stretched muscle stores part of energy created by end of stretch and can be used when muscle is contracted)
50
Active Length Tension
Active force generation depends on instantaneous length of muscle Sarcomere lengthening/shorting from resting length decreases number of cross bridges and thus force generation At resting length, max force (allows greatest # of cross-bridge attachments)
51
Total Length-Tension Curve
Below resting length: total force = active force Passed resting length - Total force increases b/c passive and active tension sum - Most of tension is passive
52
Types of Contraction
Concentric - muscle contracts, internal torque exceeds external torque Eccentric - muscle lengthens, external torque exceed internal torque Isometric - length of muscle unchanged, internal and external forces matched
53
Velocity and Contraction
Concentric - force prod. is inversely proportional to velocity of muscle shortening (faster you go, less force you are able to produce) Eccentric - force prod. is directly proportional to velocity of muscle lengthening (generate more force when going fast - don't function in top left because body is protecting us from getting injured) Isometric - generate more force than concentric
54
Power and Work
Power - rate of work; product force and contraction velocity (power = force x velocity) Concentric = positive work (power generation) Eccentric = negative work (power absorption)
55
Factors Influencing Force Production
Muscle size (PCSA) Muscle moment arm Stretch of muscle Velocity Level of muscle fiber recruitment Motor unit types composing muscle
56
Passive Insufficiency
Inability to move through entire available range b/c of passive restrictions from opposing soft tissue Ex: hamstring on stretch
57
Active Insufficiency
Inability of a muscle to shorten enough to pull limb through it's complete ROM Muscle can't pull through normal ROM Ex: on stomach, hip ext., bend knee, can't generate more force b/c hamstrings are short
58
Task Analysis using Biomechanical Model
Phases of mvt - break down mvt Joint motion/sequencing - how much joints are moving Muscle activity - primer movers, concentric, eccentric Alignment - how someone does a certain mvt Hypothesis generation - what causes what - Stability vs. mobility - Follow up testing vs. confirmation from examination findings
59
Task Analysis using a Headman Model
Doesn't break down to phases Look at mvt as whole Starting posture, environment context? Initial conditions - preparation - limitations - execution - termination - outcomes

Kinesiology (5 decks)

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