Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kinesiology > Joint and Muscle Structure and Function > Flashcards

Joint and Muscle Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Synarthroses

A

Reinforced by combo of fibrous and cartilaginous connective tissues

Permit slight to no mvt

More for stability than mobility

Allows forces to be dispersed across relatively large area of contact, thereby reducing injury

Bind to bones together and transmit force from one bone to the next w/ min jt motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fibrous Joint

A

Synarthrodial joint

More for stability than mobility

Dense CT, not a lot of mvt

Ex: sutures of skull, distal tibiofibular joint, interosseous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cartilaginous Joint

A

Synarthrodial joint

More for stability than mobility

Fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage

A little bit of mvt

Ex: intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diarthroses

A

Possess synovial fluid-filled cavity

Permit moderate to extensive mvt

Ex: GH, facet, tibiofemoral, taloacrual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Synovial Joint Elements (ALWAYS)

A

Synovial fluid

Synovial membrane

Articular Cartilage

Joint Capsule

Blood vessels

Nerve endings

Ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Synovial Joint Elements (SOMETIMES)

A

Fat pad

Mensci

Bursa

Labrum

Synovial plicae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Diarthrodial Subclasses (Uniaxial)

A

1 DOF

Hinge - elbow

Pivot - humeroulnar/radial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diarthrodial Subclasses (Biaxial)

A

2 DOF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Condyloid Joint

A

Biaxial

Shaped so that concave surface of one bony component is allowed to slide over convex surface of another component in two directions (concave surface is more shallow)

3rd DOF is restricted by ligaments

Ex: MCP joints, tibiofemoral joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ellipsoid Joint

A

Biaxial

Convex elongated surface in one direction that is matched on concave side (deeper concavity medially and laterally)

No rotation

Ex: radiocarpal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Biaxial

Each side of saddle joint has two surfaces, one convex and one concave

M/L - convex; A/P - concave

Ex: CMC joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diarthrodial Subclasses (Triaxial)

A

3 DOF

Ball-and-socket

Plane - can have multiple mvts (SC joint)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Connective Tissue Makes Up…

A

Ligament

Tendon

Bone

Capsule

Articular and fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Connective Tissue Has…

A

Cells

Extracellular matrix (ECM) - fibrous proteins and ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Connective Tissue Cells

A

Fibroblast - basic cell of most CT (ligaments, tendons, other periarticular CT)

Chondrocytes - hyaline and fibrocartilage

Tenocytes - tendon

Osteocytes - Bone

Manufacture and secretes ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Connective Tissue ECM

A

Part of CT outside of cells

Determines tissue function

Fibrous proteins and ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ECM (Fibrous Component)

A

Contains 2 major classes of proteins: collagen and elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Collagen

A

ECM fibrous component

Most abundant protein in body

Strength similar to steel (tensile strength)

Responsible for integrity of tissue and response to forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Collagen Types

A

Type I - tendons, ligaments, fibrocartilage, jt capsules (stiff, strong, little elongation, good for binding/supporting b/w 2 bones)

Type II - cartilage and intervertebral discs (thinner, less tensile strength, maintains shape of complex structures in body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Elastin

A

ECM fibrous component

Uncoils when stretched

Found in all jt structures

Make up smaller component of ECM than collagen

Found in structures that require more “give”

Ex: aorta, ligamentum nuchae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ECM Ground Substance

A

Non-fibrous component

Fibrous proteins embedded in ground substances

Composes of: glucosaminoglycans (GAG’s), water, solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Types of Connective Tissues

A

Dense CT (ligaments, external layer of jt capsule, tendons)

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

Fibrocartilage (mensci, labra, discs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

High in Type 1 collagen

Limited blood supply

Irregular (capsule) and regular (ligament/tendon) classification

Regular CT - tissue fibers are aligned in one direction b/c they resist forces in one direction

Irregular CT - withstand multiple directions of mvt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ligaments

A

Dense CT

Attach bone to bone

Small amounts of cells, large ECM

Mainly Type I collagen

Densely packed, arranged in direction of tensile force

Arrangement of fibers allows for mobility and stability

Stiffen as it approaches bone (common site for degeneration)

25
Q

Tendons

A

Dense CT

Bone muscle to bone

Small amount of cells, large ECM

Primarily Type I collagen (adapted to larger tensile forces)

Collagen fibrils bundle (larger bundle, larger tensile force is can handle)

26
Q

Cartilage

A

Composition

  • Small number of cells (chondrocytes)
  • Solid matrix of collagen and proteoglycans
  • Water

Types

  • Elastin (ears)
  • Fibro- (intervertebral discs, labra, TMJ disc, mensci)
  • Hyaline/articular (covers synovial jt surfaces)
27
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Distributes load every over surface (disperse forces)

Provide shock absorption

Reduce friction

Lacks perichondrium (covers most cartilage that supplies blood supply) - limited blood supply, limited ability to self-repair after damage

Line each joint

28
Q

Bone Structure

A

Nonhomogenous (not uniform in structure throughout)

Compact - outer layer - hard, dense, provide structure

Cancellous - inner layer - spongy, not as dense (trabecular bone)

29
Q

Bone Composition

A

Organic material - mostly collagen (Type 1)

Water

Inorganic (minerals) - most

30
Q

Forces on MS System

A

3 primary types of forces (loads): tension, compression, shear

Combo of 2: bending, torsion

31
Q

Shear Force

A

Translators force (mid-shaft skier)

32
Q

Bending

A

One side is distracted and one side is compressed

Bones do better under bending than shearing forces

33
Q

Stress

A

Force (internal resistance) per cross-sectional unit of material (F/A)

Ex: finger vs. palm

34
Q

Strain

A

Percentage of change in length or cross-section of structure

Change from original point to final point

35
Q

Load Deformation Curve

A

Elastic region

Plastic region

Ultimate failure point

36
Q

Elastic Region

A

Between A and B

Structure will return to normal once load is removed

Function in this region all the time

37
Q

Plastic Region

A

Beyond elastic region

Will not immediately return but may with time

Beyond functional stress

Continue to pull, won’t return to original length

Deformation is permanent

38
Q

Ultimate Failure Point

A

After C

Force exceeds strength of tissue/ligament - tears

39
Q

Stress-Strain Curve

A

Elastic region - when force is releases there is no permanent change (deformation) in shape

Yield point - transition point b/w elastic and plastic region

Plastic region - increasing in strain w/ little change in stress, force results in permanent deformation

Ultimate failure point - final rupture of material

40
Q

Viscoelasticity

A

Combo of elasticity and viscosity

Elasticity is structure’s ability to return to original length or shape

Viscous materials is resistant to flow

High viscosity tissue has high resistance to deformation (honey), less viscous deforms easily (water)

41
Q

Creep

A

Force remains constant, length changes over time (continued deformation of material over time with constant load)

Ex: textbook

42
Q

Stress-Relaxation

A

Force decreases over time, length remains the same

43
Q

Muscle Structure

A

Belly - group of fascicles

Fascicle - group of fibers

Fibers - group of myofibrils

Myofibril - group of myofilaments

Myofilaments - made up of contractile proteins (action/myosin)

44
Q

Muscle Morphology

A

Shape of muscle causes function and force production

45
Q

Fusiform

A

Fibers run parallel to one another and to central tendon

Ex: biceps

46
Q

Pennate

A

Fibers that approach their central tendon obliquely

Most muscles

Generate large force

Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

47
Q

Physiologic Cross-Sectional Area

A

Reflects amount of active proteins available to generate contraction of force

Maximal force potential is proportional to sum of cross-sectional area of all its fibers

Thicker muscle generates more force

Total amount of active proteins that performs contraction force

Increases in area - greater force - more active proteins are present to generate force

48
Q

Pennation Angle

A

Angle of orientation b/w fibers and tendon

If parallel - angle is 0 degrees (all force transmitted to tendon)

If greater than 0 (oblique) - less of the force is transmitted to the tendon (more fibers in a given length of muscle - more cross-sectional area)

49
Q

Passive Length Tension

A

Stretching whole muscle elongates both parallel and series elastic components generating springlike resistance

Resistance back from stretched muscle

Ex: hamstrings

Critical length - max stretch

Tension going to increase if stretch increases

Created by non-contractile forces

Serves to move or stabilize (stretched muscle stores part of energy created by end of stretch and can be used when muscle is contracted)

50
Q

Active Length Tension

A

Active force generation depends on instantaneous length of muscle

Sarcomere lengthening/shorting from resting length decreases number of cross bridges and thus force generation

At resting length, max force (allows greatest # of cross-bridge attachments)

51
Q

Total Length-Tension Curve

A

Below resting length: total force = active force

Passed resting length

  • Total force increases b/c passive and active tension sum
  • Most of tension is passive
52
Q

Types of Contraction

A

Concentric - muscle contracts, internal torque exceeds external torque

Eccentric - muscle lengthens, external torque exceed internal torque

Isometric - length of muscle unchanged, internal and external forces matched

53
Q

Velocity and Contraction

A

Concentric - force prod. is inversely proportional to velocity of muscle shortening (faster you go, less force you are able to produce)

Eccentric - force prod. is directly proportional to velocity of muscle lengthening (generate more force when going fast - don’t function in top left because body is protecting us from getting injured)

Isometric - generate more force than concentric

54
Q

Power and Work

A

Power - rate of work; product force and contraction velocity (power = force x velocity)

Concentric = positive work (power generation)

Eccentric = negative work (power absorption)

55
Q

Factors Influencing Force Production

A

Muscle size (PCSA)

Muscle moment arm

Stretch of muscle

Velocity

Level of muscle fiber recruitment

Motor unit types composing muscle

56
Q

Passive Insufficiency

A

Inability to move through entire available range b/c of passive restrictions from opposing soft tissue

Ex: hamstring on stretch

57
Q

Active Insufficiency

A

Inability of a muscle to shorten enough to pull limb through it’s complete ROM

Muscle can’t pull through normal ROM

Ex: on stomach, hip ext., bend knee, can’t generate more force b/c hamstrings are short

58
Q

Task Analysis using Biomechanical Model

A

Phases of mvt - break down mvt

Joint motion/sequencing - how much joints are moving

Muscle activity - primer movers, concentric, eccentric

Alignment - how someone does a certain mvt

Hypothesis generation - what causes what

  • Stability vs. mobility
  • Follow up testing vs. confirmation from examination findings
59
Q

Task Analysis using a Headman Model

A

Doesn’t break down to phases

Look at mvt as whole

Starting posture, environment context?

Initial conditions - preparation - limitations - execution - termination - outcomes

Kinesiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions