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Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Kinesiology

A

Study of human movement

Focusing on anatomic and biomechanical interactions w/in musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

Why Study Kinesiology?

A

To understand how individuals move

  • to enhance performance
  • to decrease injury risk
  • exercise equipment and technique, shoes/surfaces, braces/orthoses
  • to evaluate pathokinesiology
  • functional effect of physical impairments
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3
Q

Kinematics

A

Concepts that allow us to describe mvt w/o regard to forces that cause mvt (broadly describing motion)

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4
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Motion of bones relative to cardinal plane (can see what’s happening)

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5
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Motion occurring b/w articular joint surfaces (jt mvt) that accompany osteokinematic mvt

Not under voluntary control

Mvt of joint surfaces relative to one another (designed to keep joint surfaces in contact w/ each other)

Occur to maintain jt integrity

Also called “accessory motions” or “joint play”

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6
Q

Kinetics

A

Allows us to describe why segment moves

Effects of forces on the body

Forces can move, stabilize, deform, injure body

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7
Q

Kinematics - Rotary (Angular) Mvt

A

Mvt of segment around fixed point

Each point moves in same angular direction across same # of degrees, at same time

Each point will travel different distances depending on their distance from AOR

Ex: shouder

Can measure

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8
Q

Kinematics - Translatory (Linear) Mvt

A

MTV of segment in straight line

Rectilinear - each point of segment moves thru same direction at same time (in straight line)
-Ex: SC joint

Curvilinear (planar): combo of rotation and translation

  • AOR is not fixed (instantaneous center of rotation - ICoR)
  • Ex: knee joint
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9
Q

Sagittal Plane (Osteokinematics)

A

Broken into R/L, M/L

Flex/ext

DF/PF

Forward/backward bending

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10
Q

Frontal Plane (Osteokinematics)

A

Ant/post direction

Abd/Add

RD/UD

Inversion/Eversion

Lateral flex

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11
Q

Horizontal (Transverse) Plane

A

IR/ER

Axial rotation

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12
Q

Osteokinematics and Axis of Rotation

A

During rotation, bones move in plane that is perpendicular to AoR

Typically through convex member or jt

Fixed axis

ICoR - theoretical AoR for joint at given jt position

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13
Q

Degrees of Freedom

A

of independent directions of mvts allowed at jt

Jt can have up to 3 degrees of freedom (corresponds to cardinal planes)

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14
Q

Proximal Segment Moving about Relatively Fixed Distal Segment Examples

A

Squat, crunch

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15
Q

Distal Segment Moving about Relatively Fixed Proximal Segment Examples

A

Seated knee extension, kicking a ball

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16
Q

Kinematic Chain

A

Series of articulated segmented links

Connected pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot of LE

Ex: squatting

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17
Q

Open Chain Mvt

A

Distal end of chain is free to move

One Joint can move independent on others

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18
Q

Closed Chain Mvt

A

Distal end is fixed

Mvt at one jt automatically creates mvt in other joints

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19
Q

Roll (Arthrokinematics)

A

Multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface

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20
Q

Slide/Glide (Arthrokinematics)

A

Single point on one articulating surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface

Rolling convex surface typically involves concurrent, oppositely directed glide

Concurrent roll/glide maximizes angular displaces and minimizes net translation

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21
Q

Spin (Arthrokinematics)

A

Single point on one articulating surface contacts single point on another articulating surface

Primary mechanism for jt rotation when longitudinal axis intersects w/ jt surface at perpendicular angle

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22
Q

Concave/Convex Rule

A

Arthrokinematics can be predicted from jt morphology

Convex-on-concave surface mvt - conves member rolls and glides in OPPOSITE directions

Concave-on-conves surface mvt - concave member rolls and glides in SAME direction

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23
Q

Closed Packed Position

A

Position of most congruency b/w 2 jt surfaces

Ligaments/capsule taut

Minimal accessory mvt

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24
Q

Open (Loose) Packed Position

A

All other positions

Clinically identified “open packed positions” for each joint

Allows greatest accessory mvt

Often biased toward flex

25
Forces
Push or pull that results from physical contact b/w two objects (w/ exception of gravity where there is no physical contact) External - gravity, external load, physical contact (therapist generated) Internal - w/in body - Active = muscle - Passive = tension
26
Magnitude of Displacement
Degrees or radians Magnitude of segment can (or does) move through it's ROM
27
Vectors
Arrow representing both magnitude and direction Length = magnitude Direction = direction of mvt Represents forces
28
Muscle Force Vectors
Has orientation, magnitude, point of application Used to determine efficiency of muscle in developing a moment
29
Force of Gravity
Acts on each unit of mass LoG = line of gravity (always toward Earth) CoG = hypothetical point at center of object's mass (also known as CoM) When considering several segments, CoG's combine and move toward heaviest segment Change angle - change center of gravity
30
Center of Mass of Humans
Anterior to S2 W/ rearrangement of segments of body, CoM moves
31
Effects of External Force and Base of Support
Move CoM over base of support
32
Newton's 1st Law: Inertia
Body remains at rest or in uniform motion (moving w/ a given speed and direction) unless acted on by external force to change its state Inertia: amount of energy required to alter velocity of body
33
Newton's 2nd Law: Acceleration
F=ma If acceleration is constant and force changes, need less force to move a lighter object than something heavier
34
Newton's 3rd Law: Reaction
For every action, there is equal and opposite rxn
35
Linear Force System
Two or more forces w/ same orientation and line of action Positive (up, forward/anterior) Negative (down, back/posterior)
36
Resultant Forces
Two or more segments of one muscle or two muscles w/ common attachment Ex: quads
37
Tensile Force
Created by opposite pulls on same object (stretching)
38
Distraction Force
Pull or mvt of 1 boney segment away from another
39
Joint Reaction Force
Two segments of joint are pushed together and press back against each other
40
Compression Force
Two forces that cause joint rxn force
41
Shear Force
Any force that has action parallel to contacting surfaces and creates/limits mvt b/w surfaces
42
Friction Force
Potentially exists on object whenever there is contact force on that object
43
Force and CoM
If force is applied though object's CoM, linear displacement will occur If applied force doesn't pass through CoM, curvilinear mvt will occur
44
Force Couple
Two force of equal magnitude in opposite direction Create rotation at point midway b/w 2 forces if ends are free to move Only one side free to move - create rotation around point of application of one of forces if that point is fixed
45
Force Couple (Muscle)
2 or more muscles simultaneously produce forces in different linear directions w/ torques that act in same rotatory direction
46
Moment Arm
Perpendicular distance b/w force and axis of movement/rotation Shorter moment arm - greater amount of force needed to create mvt
47
Torque
Strength of rotation (called moment of force) Internal: muscle External: gravity
48
Moment Arm and Angle of Application
Changes in angle of force results in changes to moment arm of force Moment arm greatest when force is perpendicular to lever
49
Lever
Convert forces into torques Functions to produce rotatory torque out of linear force Consists of rigid body w/ two applied forces and point of rotation
50
Effort Force (EF)
Force that is producing Always wins when mvt occurs Ex: bending elbow - biceps is effort force
51
Resistance Force (RF)
Force tha is creating opposing force Ex: bending elbow - gravity is resistance force
52
Effort Arm (EA)
Moment arm for effort force
53
Resistance Arm (RA)
Moment arm of resistance force
54
First Class Lever
Axis of rotation b/w opposing forces EA may be >,
55
Second Class Lever
AoR is at end of one bone External force is closed to AoR than muscle force (internal) Muscle force has greater leverage than external forces Very few in human body Ex: gastroc
56
Third Class LEver
Axis of rotation is at end of one bone Muscle force is closer to AoR than external force External force has greater leverage than muscle force Most common type in body Ex: biceps
57
Mechanical Advantage
Measure of mechanical efficiency of lever Ratio of internal to external moment arm When internal moment arm is larger than external moment arm, MA > 1 Magnitude of internal/muscle force can be less than that of Ef and still "win"
58
Mechanical Advantage of Levers
1st class levers: MA >, 1 3rd class levers: MA < 1 3rd class lever mechanically inefficient Muscle force must be greater than external force to create equilibrium or mvt
59
Mechanical Disadvantage
Allows for greater rotation through space Small force creates large arc of mvt of distal segment

Kinesiology (5 decks)

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