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Kinesiology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Kinesiology

A

Study of human movement

Focusing on anatomic and biomechanical interactions w/in musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

Why Study Kinesiology?

A

To understand how individuals move

  • to enhance performance
  • to decrease injury risk
  • exercise equipment and technique, shoes/surfaces, braces/orthoses
  • to evaluate pathokinesiology
  • functional effect of physical impairments
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3
Q

Kinematics

A

Concepts that allow us to describe mvt w/o regard to forces that cause mvt (broadly describing motion)

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4
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Motion of bones relative to cardinal plane (can see what’s happening)

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5
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Motion occurring b/w articular joint surfaces (jt mvt) that accompany osteokinematic mvt

Not under voluntary control

Mvt of joint surfaces relative to one another (designed to keep joint surfaces in contact w/ each other)

Occur to maintain jt integrity

Also called “accessory motions” or “joint play”

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6
Q

Kinetics

A

Allows us to describe why segment moves

Effects of forces on the body

Forces can move, stabilize, deform, injure body

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7
Q

Kinematics - Rotary (Angular) Mvt

A

Mvt of segment around fixed point

Each point moves in same angular direction across same # of degrees, at same time

Each point will travel different distances depending on their distance from AOR

Ex: shouder

Can measure

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8
Q

Kinematics - Translatory (Linear) Mvt

A

MTV of segment in straight line

Rectilinear - each point of segment moves thru same direction at same time (in straight line)
-Ex: SC joint

Curvilinear (planar): combo of rotation and translation

  • AOR is not fixed (instantaneous center of rotation - ICoR)
  • Ex: knee joint
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9
Q

Sagittal Plane (Osteokinematics)

A

Broken into R/L, M/L

Flex/ext

DF/PF

Forward/backward bending

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10
Q

Frontal Plane (Osteokinematics)

A

Ant/post direction

Abd/Add

RD/UD

Inversion/Eversion

Lateral flex

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11
Q

Horizontal (Transverse) Plane

A

IR/ER

Axial rotation

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12
Q

Osteokinematics and Axis of Rotation

A

During rotation, bones move in plane that is perpendicular to AoR

Typically through convex member or jt

Fixed axis

ICoR - theoretical AoR for joint at given jt position

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13
Q

Degrees of Freedom

A

of independent directions of mvts allowed at jt

Jt can have up to 3 degrees of freedom (corresponds to cardinal planes)

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14
Q

Proximal Segment Moving about Relatively Fixed Distal Segment Examples

A

Squat, crunch

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15
Q

Distal Segment Moving about Relatively Fixed Proximal Segment Examples

A

Seated knee extension, kicking a ball

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16
Q

Kinematic Chain

A

Series of articulated segmented links

Connected pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot of LE

Ex: squatting

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17
Q

Open Chain Mvt

A

Distal end of chain is free to move

One Joint can move independent on others

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18
Q

Closed Chain Mvt

A

Distal end is fixed

Mvt at one jt automatically creates mvt in other joints

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19
Q

Roll (Arthrokinematics)

A

Multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface

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20
Q

Slide/Glide (Arthrokinematics)

A

Single point on one articulating surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface

Rolling convex surface typically involves concurrent, oppositely directed glide

Concurrent roll/glide maximizes angular displaces and minimizes net translation

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21
Q

Spin (Arthrokinematics)

A

Single point on one articulating surface contacts single point on another articulating surface

Primary mechanism for jt rotation when longitudinal axis intersects w/ jt surface at perpendicular angle

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22
Q

Concave/Convex Rule

A

Arthrokinematics can be predicted from jt morphology

Convex-on-concave surface mvt - conves member rolls and glides in OPPOSITE directions

Concave-on-conves surface mvt - concave member rolls and glides in SAME direction

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23
Q

Closed Packed Position

A

Position of most congruency b/w 2 jt surfaces

Ligaments/capsule taut

Minimal accessory mvt

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24
Q

Open (Loose) Packed Position

A

All other positions

Clinically identified “open packed positions” for each joint

Allows greatest accessory mvt

Often biased toward flex

25
Q

Forces

A

Push or pull that results from physical contact b/w two objects (w/ exception of gravity where there is no physical contact)

External - gravity, external load, physical contact (therapist generated)

Internal - w/in body

  • Active = muscle
  • Passive = tension
26
Q

Magnitude of Displacement

A

Degrees or radians

Magnitude of segment can (or does) move through it’s ROM

27
Q

Vectors

A

Arrow representing both magnitude and direction

Length = magnitude

Direction = direction of mvt

Represents forces

28
Q

Muscle Force Vectors

A

Has orientation, magnitude, point of application

Used to determine efficiency of muscle in developing a moment

29
Q

Force of Gravity

A

Acts on each unit of mass

LoG = line of gravity (always toward Earth)

CoG = hypothetical point at center of object’s mass (also known as CoM)

When considering several segments, CoG’s combine and move toward heaviest segment

Change angle - change center of gravity

30
Q

Center of Mass of Humans

A

Anterior to S2

W/ rearrangement of segments of body, CoM moves

31
Q

Effects of External Force and Base of Support

A

Move CoM over base of support

32
Q

Newton’s 1st Law: Inertia

A

Body remains at rest or in uniform motion (moving w/ a given speed and direction) unless acted on by external force to change its state

Inertia: amount of energy required to alter velocity of body

33
Q

Newton’s 2nd Law: Acceleration

A

F=ma

If acceleration is constant and force changes, need less force to move a lighter object than something heavier

34
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law: Reaction

A

For every action, there is equal and opposite rxn

35
Q

Linear Force System

A

Two or more forces w/ same orientation and line of action

Positive (up, forward/anterior)

Negative (down, back/posterior)

36
Q

Resultant Forces

A

Two or more segments of one muscle or two muscles w/ common attachment

Ex: quads

37
Q

Tensile Force

A

Created by opposite pulls on same object (stretching)

38
Q

Distraction Force

A

Pull or mvt of 1 boney segment away from another

39
Q

Joint Reaction Force

A

Two segments of joint are pushed together and press back against each other

40
Q

Compression Force

A

Two forces that cause joint rxn force

41
Q

Shear Force

A

Any force that has action parallel to contacting surfaces and creates/limits mvt b/w surfaces

42
Q

Friction Force

A

Potentially exists on object whenever there is contact force on that object

43
Q

Force and CoM

A

If force is applied though object’s CoM, linear displacement will occur

If applied force doesn’t pass through CoM, curvilinear mvt will occur

44
Q

Force Couple

A

Two force of equal magnitude in opposite direction

Create rotation at point midway b/w 2 forces if ends are free to move

Only one side free to move - create rotation around point of application of one of forces if that point is fixed

45
Q

Force Couple (Muscle)

A

2 or more muscles simultaneously produce forces in different linear directions w/ torques that act in same rotatory direction

46
Q

Moment Arm

A

Perpendicular distance b/w force and axis of movement/rotation

Shorter moment arm - greater amount of force needed to create mvt

47
Q

Torque

A

Strength of rotation (called moment of force)

Internal: muscle
External: gravity

48
Q

Moment Arm and Angle of Application

A

Changes in angle of force results in changes to moment arm of force

Moment arm greatest when force is perpendicular to lever

49
Q

Lever

A

Convert forces into torques

Functions to produce rotatory torque out of linear force

Consists of rigid body w/ two applied forces and point of rotation

50
Q

Effort Force (EF)

A

Force that is producing

Always wins when mvt occurs

Ex: bending elbow - biceps is effort force

51
Q

Resistance Force (RF)

A

Force tha is creating opposing force

Ex: bending elbow - gravity is resistance force

52
Q

Effort Arm (EA)

A

Moment arm for effort force

53
Q

Resistance Arm (RA)

A

Moment arm of resistance force

54
Q

First Class Lever

A

Axis of rotation b/w opposing forces

EA may be >,

55
Q

Second Class Lever

A

AoR is at end of one bone

External force is closed to AoR than muscle force (internal)

Muscle force has greater leverage than external forces

Very few in human body

Ex: gastroc

56
Q

Third Class LEver

A

Axis of rotation is at end of one bone

Muscle force is closer to AoR than external force

External force has greater leverage than muscle force

Most common type in body

Ex: biceps

57
Q

Mechanical Advantage

A

Measure of mechanical efficiency of lever

Ratio of internal to external moment arm

When internal moment arm is larger than external moment arm, MA > 1

Magnitude of internal/muscle force can be less than that of Ef and still “win”

58
Q

Mechanical Advantage of Levers

A

1st class levers: MA >, 1

3rd class levers: MA < 1

3rd class lever mechanically inefficient

Muscle force must be greater than external force to create equilibrium or mvt

59
Q

Mechanical Disadvantage

A

Allows for greater rotation through space

Small force creates large arc of mvt of distal segment

Kinesiology (5 decks)

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