Johnson 01 Flashcards
What do the results indicate?
- Cooperation is more effective than interpersonal competition and individualistic efforts.
- Cooperation with intergroup competition is also superior to interpersonal competition and individualistic efforts.
- No significant difference between interpersonal competition and individualistic efforts.
Two major approaches to define the conditions of goal structure
- Field theory (Lewin, 1935)
- Behavioral learning theory (Kelly and Thibaut, 1969)
Field theory (Lewin)
- intrinsic motivation point of view (used in this paper)
- a state of tension within an individual motivates movement toward the accomplishment desired goal
Field theory - three situations
- Cooperative social situation
- Competive social situation
- Individualistic situation
Behavioral learning theory
- the extrinsic motivation point of view
Field theory - three structures
- Cooperative structure
- Competitve structure
- Individualistic structure
Previous research - what were the major controversies?
- Whether cooperation promotes higher achievement than does competition
- Whether cooperation promotes higher achievement than individualistic efforts
- Whether intergroup competition is necessary for cooperation to be effective
Three methods of meta-analysis
- Voting method
- Effect-size method
- Z-score method
The voting method
- all findings considered to be signfiicantly positive, negative, or non-significant were counted
- if plurality fell into one of these categories -> the modal category was declared the winner (best estimate)
The effect size method
- standardized mean difference
The z-score method
Sum of z-score -> appropriate probability level (likelihood that the results of all studies were generated by chance)
What were the different conditions?
- Cooperation
- Cooperation with intergroup competition
- Interpersonal competition
- Individualistic effort
Effectiveness of the four goal structures
- Cooperation vs. Cooperation with intergroup competition - no real difference
- Cooperation vs. Interpersonal competition - Cooperation promoted higher achievement
- Cooperation vs. Individualistic effort - Cooperation promoted higher achievement
- Cooperation with intergroup competition vs. interpersonal competition - Cooperation promoted higher achievement
- Cooperation with intergroup competition vs. Individualistic effort - cooperation promoted higher achievement
- Interpersonal competition vs. Individualistic effort - no significatn difference (a difference due to chance)
Second analysis (Resulting effect sizes for the other goal structures)
- Cooperation = .73
- Cooperation with intergroup competition = .56
- Competition = .09
Mediating and moderating variables
- Grade level (age) of subjects
- Year the study was published
- Size of groups within cooperative conditions
- Settings of the study
- Subject areas
- Type of tasks
- Type of response
- Quality of journal
Results for the Moderators/Mediators:
Age and Year the study was published
- Grade level (age) - All significant effect showed a linear pattern
- Year study was published - The significant effects tended to be nonlinear, with studies published from 1966 - 1975 showing less superority of cooperation over competition.
Results for the Moderators/Mediators:
Size of groups and setting of the study
- Size of group - the smaller the group, the greater the superiority of cooperation over competition
- Setting of the study - Cooperation with intergroup competition promotes higher achievement than interpersonal competition in lab studies (than in fiel experiments)
Results for the Moderators/Mediators:
Subject areas and type os task
- Subject areas: No significant difference
- Type of task: weak, significant effects - simple rote decoding and correcting task tended not to favor cooperation.
Results for the Moderators/Mediators:
Type of response and quality of journal
- Type of response: Cooperation with intergroup competition is more favorable in disjunctive than in additive tasks.
- Quality of journal: The best journla slightly favored interpersonal competition
- average journals favored cooperation with intergroup competiiton
- good and unpublished journals favored cooperation with intergorup competition.
