Johnson 01 Flashcards
1
Q
What do the results indicate?
A
- Cooperation is more effective than interpersonal competition and individualistic efforts.
- Cooperation with intergroup competition is also superior to interpersonal competition and individualistic efforts.
- No significant difference between interpersonal competition and individualistic efforts.
2
Q
Two major approaches to define the conditions of goal structure
A
- Field theory (Lewin, 1935)
- Behavioral learning theory (Kelly and Thibaut, 1969)
3
Q
Field theory (Lewin)
A
- intrinsic motivation point of view (used in this paper)
- a state of tension within an individual motivates movement toward the accomplishment desired goal
4
Q
Field theory - three situations
A
- Cooperative social situation
- Competive social situation
- Individualistic situation
5
Q
Behavioral learning theory
A
- the extrinsic motivation point of view
6
Q
Field theory - three structures
A
- Cooperative structure
- Competitve structure
- Individualistic structure
7
Q
Previous research - what were the major controversies?
A
- Whether cooperation promotes higher achievement than does competition
- Whether cooperation promotes higher achievement than individualistic efforts
- Whether intergroup competition is necessary for cooperation to be effective
8
Q
Three methods of meta-analysis
A
- Voting method
- Effect-size method
- Z-score method
9
Q
The voting method
A
- all findings considered to be signfiicantly positive, negative, or non-significant were counted
- if plurality fell into one of these categories -> the modal category was declared the winner (best estimate)
10
Q
The effect size method
A
- standardized mean difference
11
Q
The z-score method
A
Sum of z-score -> appropriate probability level (likelihood that the results of all studies were generated by chance)
12
Q
What were the different conditions?
A
- Cooperation
- Cooperation with intergroup competition
- Interpersonal competition
- Individualistic effort
13
Q
Effectiveness of the four goal structures
A
- Cooperation vs. Cooperation with intergroup competition - no real difference
- Cooperation vs. Interpersonal competition - Cooperation promoted higher achievement
- Cooperation vs. Individualistic effort - Cooperation promoted higher achievement
- Cooperation with intergroup competition vs. interpersonal competition - Cooperation promoted higher achievement
- Cooperation with intergroup competition vs. Individualistic effort - cooperation promoted higher achievement
- Interpersonal competition vs. Individualistic effort - no significatn difference (a difference due to chance)
14
Q
Second analysis (Resulting effect sizes for the other goal structures)
A
- Cooperation = .73
- Cooperation with intergroup competition = .56
- Competition = .09
15
Q
Mediating and moderating variables
A
- Grade level (age) of subjects
- Year the study was published
- Size of groups within cooperative conditions
- Settings of the study
- Subject areas
- Type of tasks
- Type of response
- Quality of journal