John Rawls on Justice as Fairness Flashcards
What is the main goal of Rawls’ theory of justice as fairness?
To identify just principles for a society.
Describe Rawls’ “Original Position.”
A thought experiment where individuals choose principles of justice behind a “Veil of Ignorance,” unaware of their own social standing or characteristics.
What is the purpose of the Veil of Ignorance in Rawls’ Original Position?
To ensure that the principles chosen are fair to everyone, unbiased by self-interest.
State Rawls’ first principle of justice.
The Principle of Equal Basic Liberties: Everyone has an equal claim to a scheme of basic liberties compatible with similar liberties for all.
Explain Rawls’ Difference Principle.
Inequalities are only justified if they benefit the least advantaged members of society.
What is meant by “Fair Equality of Opportunity” in Rawls’ theory?
Citizens should have both formal and fair equality of opportunity, meaning substantive opportunities to achieve privileged positions.
Give examples of policies that could implement the Difference Principle.
Universal healthcare, social safety nets, and potentially universal basic income.
How does progressive taxation relate to Rawls’ theory?
It aligns with the Difference Principle by ensuring those with higher incomes contribute a larger proportion to support the least advantaged.
What is the primary criticism of Rawls’ Difference Principle?
Some argue it’s overly demanding, potentially stifling individual initiative and economic growth. Others question how to fairly define and measure “least advantaged.”
How does Rawls’ theory differ from utilitarianism?
Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall happiness, potentially at the expense of individual rights. Rawls prioritizes justice and fairness, even if it means less overall happiness.
