John Rawls

Question 1

What does Rawls present here ?

Answer 1

Rawls presents a profound vision of a fair society by proposing principles that he believes rational individuals would choose under conditions ensuring impartiality.

Question 2

Expain the original position, veil of ignorance, and its purpose

Answer 2

• Original Position: A hypothetical scenario where individuals come together to decide on the principles that will govern their society.
• Veil of Ignorance: In this scenario, individuals are deprived of all knowledge about their personal characteristics—such as race, class, gender, abilities, or personal values.
• Purpose: This ensures decisions are made fairly, without bias or self-interest, as no one knows their place in society.

Question 3

What does Rawls argue about the veil of ignorance ?

Answer 3

Rawls argues that behind this veil, rational people would choose principles that safeguard fairness and justice for all, since they could end up anywhere within the social structure.

Question 4

Rawls first principle of justice, equal basic liberties

Answer 4

• Statement: “Each person has an equal right to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic liberties which is compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for all.”
• Explanation:
  
  • Fundamental Rights: This includes freedoms such as speech, assembly, religion, the right to vote, and the right to personal property.
  • Equality: These liberties must be equal for everyone; no one’s basic rights should be compromised for the sake of others.
  • Priority: This principle has lexical priority, meaning it must be fully satisfied before moving on to other considerations like social or economic inequalities.

Question 5

Rawls second principle of justice, social and economic inequalities

Answer 5

1. Fair Equality of Opportunity:
   
   • Statement: “Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.”
   • Explanation:
     
     • Genuine Accessibility: Everyone should have a fair chance to attain positions of advantage, not just in theory but in practice.
     • Elimination of Barriers: Society must actively remove obstacles such as discrimination or unequal education that hinder fair competition.
2. The Difference Principle:
   
   • Statement: “Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society.”
   • Explanation:
     
     • Justifiable Inequalities: Differences in wealth or social standing are permissible only if they improve the well-being of those who are worst off.
     • Maximizing the Minimum: The focus is on elevating the baseline standard of living.

Question 6

Which of the principles comes first ?

Answer 6

• Order Matters:
  
  • First Principle Comes First: Basic liberties cannot be sacrificed for economic advantages.
  • Second Principle Hierarchy: Within the second principle, Fair Equality of Opportunity precedes the Difference Principle.
• Implications:
  
  • No Trade-offs: You cannot justify infringing on basic liberties by arguing it would benefit the economy or the majority.

Question 7

Implications of Rawls theory

justice as fairness, reject utilitarianism, role of social institutions

Answer 7

• Justice as Fairness: Rawls’ central idea is that a just society is one where institutions are arranged to ensure fairness, especially for the most vulnerable.
• Rejection of Utilitarianism:
  
  • Critique: Rawls opposes the utilitarian notion of sacrificing individual rights for the greater good.
  • Individual Rights: Each person’s rights are inviolable, even if infringing upon them would lead to overall social benefits.
• Role of Social Institutions:
  
  • Structural Fairness: Institutions should be designed to promote justice through fair opportunities and minimizing inequalities.
  • Active Responsibility: Society must take steps to correct imbalances, not merely avoid creating them.

Question 8

Connect the princples to examples (education, healthcare, and economic policies)

Answer 8

• Education:
  
  • Fair Equality of Opportunity: Access to quality education for all ensures that everyone has a genuine chance to succeed.
  • Societal Investment: Public education, scholarships, and affirmative action can be seen as fulfilling this requirement.
• Healthcare:
  
  • Basic Liberty: Access to healthcare could be argued as a fundamental right necessary for individuals to exercise other liberties.
  • Difference Principle: Universal healthcare benefits the least advantaged, improving overall societal well-being.
• Economic Policies:
  
  • Progressive Taxation: Taxing the wealthy more heavily to fund services that aid the poor aligns with the Difference Principle.
  • Social Safety Nets: Welfare programs and unemployment benefits support those who are least advantaged.

Question 9

What are some ways Charles mills could critique Rawls views ?

Answer 9

• Limited Scope of the Veil of Ignorance:
  
  • Mills might argue that Rawls doesn’t adequately account for the systemic nature of racial injustice.
  • The racial contract suggests that societies are built on agreements that explicitly favor whites, conflicting with Rawls’ assumption of impartiality.
• Addressing Historical Injustices:
  
  • Rawls’ framework focuses on structuring a just society moving forward but doesn’t fully tackle rectifying past wrongs.
  • Reparations and affirmative actions might need stronger justification within Rawls’ theory.

Question 10

Equality of opportunity

Answer 10

Equality of opportunity means that everyone should have equal chances regardless of their social or family background/circumstances

Question 11

difference principle

Answer 11

According to the difference principle inequalities in income and wealth, power and authority should work to the maximum advantage of the least advantaged in society

Question 12

What happens in the original position ?

Answer 12

In the OP the participants are behind the veil of ignorance

What the parties don’t know:
Place in society, class or social status, level of natural abilities (intelligence, strength etc)
Doesn’t know her conception of the good, the particulars of her rational plan of life, or their own particular psychology (like being optimistic or risk averse)
Don’t know what type of society they’ll get
Don’t know which generation they’ll belong to

What they do know
General facts – about politics and economics, human psychology etc

Question 13

Which princples of justice would be agreed to in the original position

Answer 13

First: each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others.
Political liberty, freedom of speech and assembly, liberty of conscience and freedom of though, freedom of the person, the right to hold personal property and freedom from arbitrary arrest

Second: social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both (a) reasonably expected to be to everyone’s advantage, and (b) attached to positions and offices open to all.

Question 14

What did Rawls pick

Answer 14

Democratic interpretation
Equality of opportunity plus
The difference principle

Question 15

new formulation of the second principle

Answer 15

Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both (a) to the greatest expected benefit of the least advantaged, and (b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity. (NIP 1130)