John Locke (1632-1704)

Question 1

Human Nature

Answer 1

The world in its natural state as a horrible place to live, and in the state of nature humans reside in “want of a common judge, with authority”
Pessimistic about human nature, but not as bad as Hobbes.
His understanding of human nature, state of nature, and human rights to be influenced by his theological understandings.

Question 2

Individual and Society

Answer 2

Locke believed that humans have natural freedoms and equality based on divine right, therefore restrictions (laws) should only be based on what God restricts.
Individuals have the right to self-preservation and the right to own property – right to what you mix your labour into.
Locke is considered the founder of modern liberal democracy and a defender of individualism.
He wanted limited government that is accountable to the people.

Question 3

Social Change

Answer 3

Locke believed that people must leave the state of nature for convenience/protection. However, there is no need for absolute authority (unlike Hobbes). There must be some level of social contract, that does not infringe on Individual’s God-given rights.