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Modern Political Thought > John Locke > Flashcards

John Locke Flashcards

1
Q

“being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions”

A

similar to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness of Jefferson

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2
Q

5 points of what liberalism is

A

centrality of the individual
society is made up of individuals
politics is instrumental
the state has limited functions
value of negative freedom (freedom from intrusion)

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3
Q

when was John Locke born?

A

1632

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4
Q

who did Locke become associated with?

A

Lord Ashley in opposition to Stuart monarchy

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5
Q

The 2nd treatise was written in the run up to what?

A

glorious revolution

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6
Q

when was the exclusion crisis?

A

1679-1681

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7
Q

During the reign of Charles II what efforts were they trying to give?

A

to prevent James from succeeding him
(James was roach catholic)

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8
Q

What happened to the bills presented in parliament?

A

they failed

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9
Q

What led to the bill of rights in 1689?

A

James would become king in 1685 and would be deposited in 1688 during glorious revolution

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10
Q

Two treatises of Government

A

Locke’s perspective

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11
Q

Background of treatises

A

major influence on American revolution
more real world application than most political theory
specific repudiation of absolute monarchism

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12
Q

First treatise

A

lesser known
offers stark dismissal of Filmer’s defense of divine right of kings

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13
Q

Filmer’s two assumptions in first treatise

A

all government is absolute
no person is born free

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14
Q

what does Filter argue?

A

historical and biblical paternal authority are evidence that its natural

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15
Q

What does the first treatise suggest?

A

People are not equal
children are subordinates of their parents

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16
Q

what should the people of the king be?

A

absolute, we own all things in a territory

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17
Q

Locke’s breakdown of his takedown

A

Adam was not given monarchical power by god
Assume he was, his heirs wouldn’t have a right to it
Assume they did, there are no rules or successions
Assume there were, we have no idea who the proper heirs of Adam are

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18
Q

Parental subordination

A

its temporary

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19
Q

what does filmer suggest?

A

the husband is NOT an absolute monarch over his wife

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20
Q

State of Nature: second treatise

A

theorists choose their form of government and then create a vision of the state of nature that calls for that form

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21
Q

Locke’s version of State of Nature

A

must be intolerance
if it doesn’t suck then we wouldn’t try to figure out how to get out of it and change our conditions to make life better

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22
Q

How to solve state of nature

A

Locke believes we are born free
traditional natural law

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23
Q

Natural “rights”

A

certain individual liberties that Locke asserts are inherent (self-preservation)

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24
Q

What are people bound by in the state of nature?

A

natural law

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25
Q

what does natural law lead to?

A

discussion of legal rights such as freedom of speech and religion

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26
Q

Locke’s mandate to help others

A

if everyone does what’s right all the time, things will be okay

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27
Q

What if people don’t do what’s right? Who will enforce natural law?

A

we need social contract

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28
Q

Hobbes idea of state of nature compared to Lockes idea

A

Hobbes: constant state of warre
Locke: civil society

29
Q

how do we deal with crimes?

A

whatever we do we have to outsource to impartial judges

30
Q

State of war and civil society have different solutions

A

civil society where we can all coexist under a common set of rules

31
Q

What should happen if Ron murders jans husband?

A

state of war: revenge (eye for an eye)
civil society: justice

32
Q

what does his philosophy underlie?

A

modern legal profession

33
Q

First Stage transition

A

you must give up your right to self-enforcement of law

34
Q

Second stage transition

A

government must be set up to act as judge in disputes

35
Q

what does Locke advocate for?

A

majority rule and a higher threshold if society agrees

36
Q

Who makes the decisions?

A

legislatives

37
Q

who determines format of legislatives?

A

society

38
Q

Civil society

A

must rule based on standing laws

39
Q

What does Locke argue in a civil society?

A

these do not limit your freedoms compared to the state of nature

40
Q

property rights

A

most influential of second treatise
speaks to origin of property in state of nature
highlights “labor theory of value”

41
Q

Does the king own everything in the kingdom? Can he tax the public w/o consent?

A

No
equality of man extends to equality of property rights but that doesnt mean everyone gets an equal amount of property

42
Q

how does the king think of property?

A

specifically (things you own) and generally (all your liberties)

43
Q

Does your right to property amount to your right to self preservation in the state of nature?

A

yes

44
Q

What is labor?

A

the source of all value
(what’s yours is yours because it is the fruit of your labor)

45
Q

What should to government value when setting it up?

A

man made law should line up with natural law

46
Q

Stepping back into the state of nature, institutional can be built but what if someone doesn’t want to join?

A

they theoretically can still enforce natural law according to their own feelings

47
Q

Tacit consent

A

consent given without words

48
Q

You effectively consent to the arrangement if you what?

A

if you enjoy the benefits of civil society

49
Q

what is consent troubling for?

A

social contract theory

50
Q

Why does property become important to his vision?

A

if you own property in a land you consent to the laws
you can only recover your “natural” freedom by giving up all of your reasons

51
Q

What will Locke advocate for? (unjust authority)

A

particular resistance to unjust authority

52
Q

What dob we have a collective desire for?

A

to avoid “arbitrary government”

53
Q

What is necessary for a functioning government?

A

a way for the legislature to hold governing powers accountable

54
Q

How do we solve unjust authority? What if the executive prerogative is different from the people?

A

if it is sanctioned by majority, then the executive is ok because of the social contract theory
separation of powers should also help

55
Q

what if the executive is abusing their power?

A

legislature needs to get involved

56
Q

what is one action that Locke things constitutes an abuse of power?

A

obstruction of the legislature

57
Q

Should the legislature be more powerful institution than on executive?

A

yes

58
Q

What happens if people’s will is unable to be reflected due to executive abuse?

A

it is within the appropriate bounds of rationality for “the people” to use force to defend their rights

59
Q

when is this behavior justified?

A

when the gov. violates the terms of agreement through which it is set up
abuse of power/tyranny - gov. falls to protect peoples rights

60
Q

What does the gov lose under these conditions?

A

its right to be obeyed

61
Q

Locke doesn’t mince words

A

executive that acts unjustly loses their authority

62
Q

what does executive acting unjustly and losing their authority allow people to do?

A

authorizes anyone to take up arms against their leadership (dubious)

63
Q

what does Locke rely on?

A

the fact that isolated individuals going after gov. are likely to fail

64
Q

Liberal theory

A

centrality of individual
society is made up of individuals
politics is instrumental
state has limited functions
negative freedom

65
Q

centrality of individual

A

individuals exist prior to society
have natural rights outside of societally granted rights

66
Q

society is made up of individuals

A

individual decides what the interests of society are
what is good for community and individuals

67
Q

politics is instrumental

A

should be used as a means to an end
used to advance values and interests of people
gov. should be assessed on how well it serves interests

68
Q

state has limited functions

A

protections of rights and property is important
belief in upholding negative view of state of nature
states powers are coercive, not prescriptive

69
Q

negative freedom

A

creating an absence of coercive interference
first - from other people
second - from gov itself

Modern Political Thought (6 decks)

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