John Locke

Question 1

“being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions”

Answer 1

similar to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness of Jefferson

Question 2

5 points of what liberalism is

Answer 2

centrality of the individual
society is made up of individuals
politics is instrumental
the state has limited functions
value of negative freedom (freedom from intrusion)

Question 3

when was John Locke born?

Answer 3

1632

Question 4

who did Locke become associated with?

Answer 4

Lord Ashley in opposition to Stuart monarchy

Question 5

The 2nd treatise was written in the run up to what?

Answer 5

glorious revolution

Question 6

when was the exclusion crisis?

Answer 6

1679-1681

Question 7

During the reign of Charles II what efforts were they trying to give?

Answer 7

to prevent James from succeeding him
(James was roach catholic)

Question 8

What happened to the bills presented in parliament?

Answer 8

they failed

Question 9

What led to the bill of rights in 1689?

Answer 9

James would become king in 1685 and would be deposited in 1688 during glorious revolution

Question 10

Two treatises of Government

Answer 10

Locke’s perspective

Question 11

Background of treatises

Answer 11

major influence on American revolution
more real world application than most political theory
specific repudiation of absolute monarchism

Question 12

First treatise

Answer 12

lesser known
offers stark dismissal of Filmer’s defense of divine right of kings

Question 13

Filmer’s two assumptions in first treatise

Answer 13

all government is absolute
no person is born free

Question 14

what does Filter argue?

Answer 14

historical and biblical paternal authority are evidence that its natural

Question 15

What does the first treatise suggest?

Answer 15

People are not equal
children are subordinates of their parents

Question 16

what should the people of the king be?

Answer 16

absolute, we own all things in a territory

Question 17

Locke’s breakdown of his takedown

Answer 17

Adam was not given monarchical power by god
Assume he was, his heirs wouldn’t have a right to it
Assume they did, there are no rules or successions
Assume there were, we have no idea who the proper heirs of Adam are

Question 18

Parental subordination

Answer 18

its temporary

Question 19

what does filmer suggest?

Answer 19

the husband is NOT an absolute monarch over his wife

Question 20

State of Nature: second treatise

Answer 20

theorists choose their form of government and then create a vision of the state of nature that calls for that form

Question 21

Locke’s version of State of Nature

Answer 21

must be intolerance
if it doesn’t suck then we wouldn’t try to figure out how to get out of it and change our conditions to make life better

Question 22

How to solve state of nature

Answer 22

Locke believes we are born free
traditional natural law

Question 23

Natural “rights”

Answer 23

certain individual liberties that Locke asserts are inherent (self-preservation)

Question 24

What are people bound by in the state of nature?

Answer 24

natural law

Question 25

what does natural law lead to?

Answer 25

discussion of legal rights such as freedom of speech and religion

Question 26

Locke's mandate to help others

Answer 26

if everyone does what's right all the time, things will be okay

Question 27

What if people don't do what's right? Who will enforce natural law?

Answer 27

we need social contract

Question 28

Hobbes idea of state of nature compared to Lockes idea

Answer 28

Hobbes: constant state of warre Locke: civil society

Question 29

how do we deal with crimes?

Answer 29

whatever we do we have to outsource to impartial judges

Question 30

State of war and civil society have different solutions

Answer 30

civil society where we can all coexist under a common set of rules

Question 31

What should happen if Ron murders jans husband?

Answer 31

state of war: revenge (eye for an eye) civil society: justice

Question 32

what does his philosophy underlie?

Answer 32

modern legal profession

Question 33

First Stage transition

Answer 33

you must give up your right to self-enforcement of law

Question 34

Second stage transition

Answer 34

government must be set up to act as judge in disputes

Question 35

what does Locke advocate for?

Answer 35

majority rule and a higher threshold if society agrees

Question 36

Who makes the decisions?

Answer 36

legislatives

Question 37

who determines format of legislatives?

Answer 37

society

Question 38

Civil society

Answer 38

must rule based on standing laws

Question 39

What does Locke argue in a civil society?

Answer 39

these do not limit your freedoms compared to the state of nature

Question 40

property rights

Answer 40

most influential of second treatise speaks to origin of property in state of nature highlights "labor theory of value"

Question 41

Does the king own everything in the kingdom? Can he tax the public w/o consent?

Answer 41

No equality of man extends to equality of property rights but that doesnt mean everyone gets an equal amount of property

Question 42

how does the king think of property?

Answer 42

specifically (things you own) and generally (all your liberties)

Question 43

Does your right to property amount to your right to self preservation in the state of nature?

Answer 43

yes

Question 44

What is labor?

Answer 44

the source of all value (what's yours is yours because it is the fruit of your labor)

Question 45

What should to government value when setting it up?

Answer 45

man made law should line up with natural law

Question 46

Stepping back into the state of nature, institutional can be built but what if someone doesn't want to join?

Answer 46

they theoretically can still enforce natural law according to their own feelings

Question 47

Tacit consent

Answer 47

consent given without words

Question 48

You effectively consent to the arrangement if you what?

Answer 48

if you enjoy the benefits of civil society

Question 49

what is consent troubling for?

Answer 49

social contract theory

Question 50

Why does property become important to his vision?

Answer 50

if you own property in a land you consent to the laws you can only recover your "natural" freedom by giving up all of your reasons

Question 51

What will Locke advocate for? (unjust authority)

Answer 51

particular resistance to unjust authority

Question 52

What dob we have a collective desire for?

Answer 52

to avoid "arbitrary government"

Question 53

What is necessary for a functioning government?

Answer 53

a way for the legislature to hold governing powers accountable

Question 54

How do we solve unjust authority? What if the executive prerogative is different from the people?

Answer 54

if it is sanctioned by majority, then the executive is ok because of the social contract theory separation of powers should also help

Question 55

what if the executive is abusing their power?

Answer 55

legislature needs to get involved

Question 56

what is one action that Locke things constitutes an abuse of power?

Answer 56

obstruction of the legislature

Question 57

Should the legislature be more powerful institution than on executive?

Answer 57

yes

Question 58

What happens if people's will is unable to be reflected due to executive abuse?

Answer 58

it is within the appropriate bounds of rationality for "the people" to use force to defend their rights

Question 59

when is this behavior justified?

Answer 59

when the gov. violates the terms of agreement through which it is set up abuse of power/tyranny - gov. falls to protect peoples rights

Question 60

What does the gov lose under these conditions?

Answer 60

its right to be obeyed

Question 61

Locke doesn't mince words

Answer 61

executive that acts unjustly loses their authority

Question 62

what does executive acting unjustly and losing their authority allow people to do?

Answer 62

authorizes anyone to take up arms against their leadership (dubious)

Question 63

what does Locke rely on?

Answer 63

the fact that isolated individuals going after gov. are likely to fail

Question 64

Liberal theory

Answer 64

centrality of individual society is made up of individuals politics is instrumental state has limited functions negative freedom

Question 65

centrality of individual

Answer 65

individuals exist prior to society have natural rights outside of societally granted rights

Question 66

society is made up of individuals

Answer 66

individual decides what the interests of society are what is good for community and individuals

Question 67

politics is instrumental

Answer 67

should be used as a means to an end used to advance values and interests of people gov. should be assessed on how well it serves interests

Question 68

state has limited functions

Answer 68

protections of rights and property is important belief in upholding negative view of state of nature states powers are coercive, not prescriptive

Question 69

negative freedom

Answer 69

creating an absence of coercive interference first - from other people second - from gov itself