Identification terms Flashcards
discourses
showed support for republicanism
believes corruption was inevitable with hereditary systems
controlling conflict is important
focused on military history and is inevitable state of affairs
can be used as a sign of civic virtue
believe people can be shaped by the state
civil society
transition from state of nature happens in 2 stages
1. individuals must unite as a community and give up certain rights to do so (self-enforcement)
2. must set up government to be a judge
justice is motivating factor (needs impartial arbiters)
power of legislature must be given on a social contract basis following already standing laws
does not limit your freedoms
declaration of independence
second continental congress would agree to the adoption on July 4 1776
marsilius of padua
italian philosopher
magnum opus was Defesor Pacis who would be first major voices to advocate for separation of church and state
advocated for three principles that did not fall under papal authority
labor theory of value
acquire property through labor or through transfer of something
what you work for or get through transfer of property is yours
State of Nature (Hobbes)
mechanistic view - x causes y therefore everything is perfectly determined
what is ‘good’ and ‘bad’ is based on our reactions not inherent qualities
happiness is not stable
desire is one of our inherent qualities
‘constant state of warre’
three causes of internal conflict: competition, pursuit of glory, and fear
no political authority or moral rules
self preservation is less valued
unite power under a single leviathan and if we just obey there will be no conflict
Unjust authority
advocate for particular resistance
collective desire to avoid arbitrary government
legislature hold governing powers accountable
executive prerogative if sanctioned by majority, executive is ok because of social contract
legislature needs to get involved if executive abuses power
obstruction of legislature constitutes an abuse of power
mechanistic worldview
Hobbes view
x causes y, therefore everything is perfectly determined
bill of rights
result of James becoming king is 1685 and being deposited in 1688 during glorious revolution
Tacit consent
if you enjoy the benefits of a civil society then you consent to the arrangement which is troubling for social contract theory
first treatise of government
stark dismissal of filmers defense to divine rights of kings
2 assumptions: all gov is absolute, no person is born free
people are not equal, children are subordinates of their parents
Lockes breakdown about Adam
paternal subordination is temporary
Casare Borgia
central inspiration for the prince
Machiavellis primary example of a prince who has great prowess to secure his state quickly after he was put in power
republicanism
support for a republican system of government
mirrors for princes
writers such as Luther contributed with a focus on rulers imitating christ
Humanist authors appealed to the principle of goodness
wisdom, temperance, justice treated as desirable qualities
machiavelli believes he sees the world in a more realistic sense
assumes people are inherently bad
uses instrumental rationality
common sense
short pamphlet used to argue in favor for revolution
convinces public to go all in with removing themselves from the British empire
4 parts: origin and design of gov, monarchy and hereditary succession, present state of affairs in america, present ability of america
‘constant state of warre’
how Hobbes views the state of nature
people constantly fighting for something that may or may not happen
instrumental rationality
to achieve x do y
to achieve ends, adopt the most effective means
Machiavelli thought the morality based means previously suggest were the most effective - ignored politics
immoral princes prevail over moral princes
natural rights (Locke)
certain individual liberties that Locke asserts to that are inherent: self preservation, rights won’t be infringed by other people, people are bound by natural law
led to the discussion of legal rights
mandate to help others distinguishes him from hobbes
we need a social contract if people don’t abide by the law
impartial judges
a judge who acts in fair manner to everyone in a case
judges that deal with crime and have to be unbiased
glorious revolution
Lockes second treatise was written in run up to this
king James II deposed and succeeded one of his daughters and her husband which then led to the bill of rights
state of nature (Locke)
less dystopian than hobbes, but still must be intolerable
believes we are born free and under traditional natural law which underpins his philosophy in the second treatise
arbitrary government
not restrained or limited in the exercise of power
someone who judges the causes without a rule
factionalism
when a group, organization or government split into two or more smaller groups with differing and opposing opinions and interests
new principalities
either annexed to a ruler’s existing territory or are completely new
either used to be ruled by a prince or used to being free
acquired by luck or by strength
Magna Carta
King John wildly unpopular
barons unhappy that civil war seemed likely
John signed the charter known as the magna Carter
reduced kings power
gave 25 barons a right to overrule royal directives
John didn’t abide by the terms and the first barons broke out
first constitutional document agreed to in the western world
Parliamentary sovereignty
makes the parliament the supreme legal authority in which can create or end any law
legislators have power over the judicial and executive branches
checks and balances
each branch of government gets the power to check the other branches to make sure no one branch gets too much power
majority rule
the larger number in favor or not in favor should exercise the power in which it is being voted on
Martin luther
justification by works was too high a Standard to reach
develops justification by faith alone and sola scriptura
salvation is given freely as a gift
your interpretation of scripture should not subordinate to official church doctrine
early advocate for freedom of conscience
believed in monarchy and thought we should have a central locus of government
95 theses
roundheads
supporters of parliament of England at the time of the civil war
negative freedom
freedom you gain from intrusion
freedom you gain from external restraint on someones actions
princely ministers (machiavelli)
ministers who can think on their own but do not think they are smarter than the prince
make prince look good
King Charles I
execution of him as outcome for English civil war
was forced to sign an execution warrant for Thomas Wentworth
exclusion crisis took place during his reign
did not think that the king should tax the public without their consent and didn’t agree that the king owns everything
obey and suffer
happens when government violates the terms of agreement through which it is set up and abuse of power/tyranny
government fails to protect peoples rights
in this situation the government loses its right to be obeyed and then has to suffer the consequences of abuse of power
social contract theory
the view of someones moral and sometimes political obligation are dependent upon a contract or agreement between them to form the society they live in
self enforcement of law
Locke says you must give this up in the first stage of transition when moving from the state of nature to a civil society
