Identification terms

Question 1

discourses

Answer 1

showed support for republicanism
believes corruption was inevitable with hereditary systems
controlling conflict is important
focused on military history and is inevitable state of affairs
can be used as a sign of civic virtue
believe people can be shaped by the state

Question 2

civil society

Answer 2

transition from state of nature happens in 2 stages
1. individuals must unite as a community and give up certain rights to do so (self-enforcement)
2. must set up government to be a judge
justice is motivating factor (needs impartial arbiters)
power of legislature must be given on a social contract basis following already standing laws
does not limit your freedoms

Question 3

declaration of independence

Answer 3

second continental congress would agree to the adoption on July 4 1776

Question 4

marsilius of padua

Answer 4

italian philosopher
magnum opus was Defesor Pacis who would be first major voices to advocate for separation of church and state
advocated for three principles that did not fall under papal authority

Question 5

labor theory of value

Answer 5

acquire property through labor or through transfer of something
what you work for or get through transfer of property is yours

Question 6

State of Nature (Hobbes)

Answer 6

mechanistic view - x causes y therefore everything is perfectly determined
what is ‘good’ and ‘bad’ is based on our reactions not inherent qualities
happiness is not stable
desire is one of our inherent qualities
‘constant state of warre’
three causes of internal conflict: competition, pursuit of glory, and fear
no political authority or moral rules
self preservation is less valued
unite power under a single leviathan and if we just obey there will be no conflict

Question 7

Unjust authority

Answer 7

advocate for particular resistance
collective desire to avoid arbitrary government
legislature hold governing powers accountable
executive prerogative if sanctioned by majority, executive is ok because of social contract
legislature needs to get involved if executive abuses power
obstruction of legislature constitutes an abuse of power

Question 8

mechanistic worldview

Answer 8

Hobbes view
x causes y, therefore everything is perfectly determined

Question 9

bill of rights

Answer 9

result of James becoming king is 1685 and being deposited in 1688 during glorious revolution

Question 10

Tacit consent

Answer 10

if you enjoy the benefits of a civil society then you consent to the arrangement which is troubling for social contract theory

Question 11

first treatise of government

Answer 11

stark dismissal of filmers defense to divine rights of kings
2 assumptions: all gov is absolute, no person is born free
people are not equal, children are subordinates of their parents
Lockes breakdown about Adam
paternal subordination is temporary

Question 12

Casare Borgia

Answer 12

central inspiration for the prince
Machiavellis primary example of a prince who has great prowess to secure his state quickly after he was put in power

Question 13

republicanism

Answer 13

support for a republican system of government

Question 14

mirrors for princes

Answer 14

writers such as Luther contributed with a focus on rulers imitating christ
Humanist authors appealed to the principle of goodness
wisdom, temperance, justice treated as desirable qualities
machiavelli believes he sees the world in a more realistic sense
assumes people are inherently bad
uses instrumental rationality

Question 15

common sense

Answer 15

short pamphlet used to argue in favor for revolution
convinces public to go all in with removing themselves from the British empire
4 parts: origin and design of gov, monarchy and hereditary succession, present state of affairs in america, present ability of america

Question 16

‘constant state of warre’

Answer 16

how Hobbes views the state of nature
people constantly fighting for something that may or may not happen

Question 17

instrumental rationality

Answer 17

to achieve x do y
to achieve ends, adopt the most effective means
Machiavelli thought the morality based means previously suggest were the most effective - ignored politics
immoral princes prevail over moral princes

Question 18

natural rights (Locke)

Answer 18

certain individual liberties that Locke asserts to that are inherent: self preservation, rights won’t be infringed by other people, people are bound by natural law
led to the discussion of legal rights
mandate to help others distinguishes him from hobbes
we need a social contract if people don’t abide by the law

Question 19

impartial judges

Answer 19

a judge who acts in fair manner to everyone in a case
judges that deal with crime and have to be unbiased

Question 20

glorious revolution

Answer 20

Lockes second treatise was written in run up to this
king James II deposed and succeeded one of his daughters and her husband which then led to the bill of rights

Question 21

state of nature (Locke)

Answer 21

less dystopian than hobbes, but still must be intolerable
believes we are born free and under traditional natural law which underpins his philosophy in the second treatise

Question 22

arbitrary government

Answer 22

not restrained or limited in the exercise of power
someone who judges the causes without a rule

Question 23

factionalism

Answer 23

when a group, organization or government split into two or more smaller groups with differing and opposing opinions and interests

Question 24

new principalities

Answer 24

either annexed to a ruler’s existing territory or are completely new
either used to be ruled by a prince or used to being free
acquired by luck or by strength

Question 25

Magna Carta

Answer 25

King John wildly unpopular
barons unhappy that civil war seemed likely
John signed the charter known as the magna Carter
reduced kings power
gave 25 barons a right to overrule royal directives
John didn’t abide by the terms and the first barons broke out
first constitutional document agreed to in the western world

Question 26

Parliamentary sovereignty

Answer 26

makes the parliament the supreme legal authority in which can create or end any law
legislators have power over the judicial and executive branches

Question 27

checks and balances

Answer 27

each branch of government gets the power to check the other branches to make sure no one branch gets too much power

Question 28

majority rule

Answer 28

the larger number in favor or not in favor should exercise the power in which it is being voted on

Question 29

Martin luther

Answer 29

justification by works was too high a Standard to reach
develops justification by faith alone and sola scriptura
salvation is given freely as a gift
your interpretation of scripture should not subordinate to official church doctrine
early advocate for freedom of conscience
believed in monarchy and thought we should have a central locus of government
95 theses

Question 30

roundheads

Answer 30

supporters of parliament of England at the time of the civil war

Question 31

negative freedom

Answer 31

freedom you gain from intrusion
freedom you gain from external restraint on someones actions

Question 32

princely ministers (machiavelli)

Answer 32

ministers who can think on their own but do not think they are smarter than the prince
make prince look good

Question 33

King Charles I

Answer 33

execution of him as outcome for English civil war
was forced to sign an execution warrant for Thomas Wentworth
exclusion crisis took place during his reign
did not think that the king should tax the public without their consent and didn’t agree that the king owns everything

Question 34

obey and suffer

Answer 34

happens when government violates the terms of agreement through which it is set up and abuse of power/tyranny
government fails to protect peoples rights
in this situation the government loses its right to be obeyed and then has to suffer the consequences of abuse of power

Question 35

social contract theory

Answer 35

the view of someones moral and sometimes political obligation are dependent upon a contract or agreement between them to form the society they live in

Question 36

self enforcement of law

Answer 36

Locke says you must give this up in the first stage of transition when moving from the state of nature to a civil society