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JLGMH HEMA ROT Flashcards

1
Q

jlgmh hematology supervisor

A

evelyn b. samin, rmt

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2
Q

section relievers

A

arianna mae ramos, rmt

zarah mirabueno, rmt

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3
Q

wbc normal range

A

4.0-10.0 x 10^9/L

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4
Q

plt normal range

A

150-350 x 10^9/L

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5
Q

rbc normal range

A

4.5-5.9 x 10^9/L

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6
Q

hematology specimen

A

edta (purple cap)

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7
Q

coagulation specimen

A

citrated (blue cap)

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8
Q

esr specimen

A

black/peach cap

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9
Q

normal hgb conc

A

12-16 g/dL

120-160 g/L

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10
Q

% of blood that is represented by the packed red cells

A

hematocrit

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11
Q

normal hct value

A

35-45% vol/vol

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12
Q

serum:rbc ratio

A

60% serum

40% rbc

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13
Q

normal red cell ct

A

4-5.5 x 10^6/uL

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14
Q

mcv normal range

A

78-100 fl

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15
Q

mchc normal range

A

31-37 g/dL

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16
Q

mch normal range

A

26-32 pg/rbc

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17
Q

red cell volume in fl

A

mean cell volume

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18
Q

hgb concentration in rbc

A

mean cell hemoglobin concentration

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19
Q

hgb content of each rbc

A

mean cell hemoglobin

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20
Q

mcv formula

A

hct x 10 / rbc

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21
Q

mch formula

A

hgb x 10 / rbc

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22
Q

mchc formula

A

hgb x 100 / hct

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23
Q

lymphocyte %

A

20-40%

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24
Q

lymphocytes with larger cytoplasm and have nucleoli in their nuclei

A

atypical lymphocytes

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25
Q

monocyte %

A

7%

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26
Q

wbc that mediates hypersensitivity and is stained by basic dyes

A

basophils

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27
Q

presence of numerous basophilic granules that are dispersed through the cytoplasm of rbcs in a pbs

A

basophilic stippling/punctate basophilia

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28
Q

causes of basophilic stippling

A

lead poisoning and megaloblastic anemia

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29
Q

wbc that mediates allergic reactions and parasites, and is stained by acidic dyes

A

eosinophils

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30
Q

eosinophils + ___ work together to destroy parasites

A

IgE

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31
Q

neutrophils %

A

55-70%

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32
Q

causes of neutropenia

A

antineoplastic agents, bacterial rickettsia, phenothiazines, phenylbutazone, and allopurinol

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33
Q

change in morphology of the nucleus of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which has one or two smooth lobes with thick chromatin

A

pelger-huet anomaly

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34
Q

causes of monocytosis

A

chronic infxns (tb, brucellosis), rheumatic diseases, and malignant processes

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35
Q

causes of eosinophilia

A

hypersensitivity, parasitic infxns, cancer, and connective tissue disorders

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36
Q

causes of basophilia

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia and other myeloproliferative disorders

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37
Q

causes of lymphocytopenia

A

congenital, corticosteroids, antineoplastic agents, or radiation

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38
Q

malignant disorders that affect the blood and blood-forming tissues

A

leukemia

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39
Q

this type of leukemia occurs mostly in children

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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40
Q

4 broad types of leukemia

A

acute lymphoblastic, acute myelogenous, chronic lymphocytic, and chronic myelogenous

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41
Q

marrow that is found in breast bone, skull, vertebrae, ribs, and ends of long bones

A

red marrow

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42
Q

what cells are produced at the red marrow?

A

wbcs, rbcs, and plts

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43
Q

marrow that is made up of mostly fat cells

A

yellow marrow

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44
Q

leukemia that has immature myeloid wbcs with oncogene mutations, single myeloblast, and spontaneous bleeding (both adults and children are affected)

A

acute myeloid leukemia

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45
Q

leukemia that involves myeloid stem cells (rare in children)

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia

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46
Q

leukemia that has immature b or t cells, macrophages, and disturbs marrow function (common in children)

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

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47
Q

leukemia that involves lymphoid B/T cell and has splenomegaly (common in > 55 y/o)

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

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48
Q

variation in RBC shape

A

poikilocytosis

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49
Q

variation in RBC size

A

anisocytosis

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50
Q

rbc that resembles spurs on cowboy boots

A

acanthocytes (spur/spike cells)

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51
Q

acanthocytes are seen in:

A

post-splenectomy, abetalipoproteinemia, decreased cell membrane cholesterol

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52
Q

cigar-shaped rbcs

A

elliptocytes/ovalocytes

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53
Q

elliptocytes are seen in:

A

ida, thalassemia major, elliptocytosis/ovacolcytosis, megaloblastic anemia

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54
Q

rbc that resembles a bulls eye or mexican hats

A

codocytes/target cells

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55
Q

codocytes are seen in:

A

ida, sickle cell anemia, hemoglobinopathies

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56
Q

rbc with slit-like pallors

A

stomatocyte

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57
Q

stomatocytes are seen in:

A

slight pH change in the environment

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58
Q

rbc that resembles teardrops or raindrops

A

dacrocytes/teardrop cells

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59
Q

these are formed due to the removal of a rbc inclusion as it passes through the spleen (pitting)

A

dacrocytes/teardrop cells

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60
Q

dacrocytes are seen in:

A

myelophthisic anemia, myelofibrosis, thalassemias, organ failure

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61
Q

rbc that looks like as if they have a bite taken out of them

A

degmacytes/bite cells

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62
Q

these are formed due to the removal of hemoglobin by the spleen

A

degmacytes/bite cells

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63
Q

degmacytes may be caused by:

A

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

64
Q

rbc that resembles burrs (similar to acanthocytes, but the spicules are smaller and even)

A

echinocytes/burr cells

65
Q

echinocytes may be caused by:

A

blood stayed too long on edta anticoagulant or pathological

66
Q

crescent-shaped rbcs

A

drepanocytes/sickle cells

67
Q

drepanocytes are seen in:

A

sickle cell disease, hemoglobin S

68
Q

sphere-shaped rbcs

A

spherocytes/microcytes

69
Q

true or false. spherocytes are more fragile than normal rbcs

70
Q

most common rbc membrane abnormality among caucasians

A

hereditary spherocytosis

71
Q

rbc that resemble horns

A

keratocytes (horn cells)

72
Q

rbc that resemble army helmets

A

schistocytes (helmet cells)

73
Q

rbcs are arranged in rows like “stacked coins” due to an increase in proteins

74
Q

rouleaux is seen in:

A

multiple myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, cancer, dm, increased globulins, transfusion reaction

75
Q

rbcs stick together in clumps due to agglutinins

A

rbc agglutination

76
Q

true or false. rbc cytoplasm typically have debris, granules or structures

A

false. they do not have these normally.

77
Q

these inclusions are remnants of nuclear dna in rbcs (due to abnormal mitosis)

A

howell-jolly bodies

78
Q

howell-jolly bodies are seen in:

A

post-splenectomy, hyposplenism, megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia

79
Q

howell-jolly bodies may be a remnant of?

A

orthochromic normoblast

80
Q

coarse, dust-like dots that represent ribosomes and polyribosomes

A

basophilic stippling

81
Q

basophilic stippling are seen in:

A

lead poisoning, sideroblastic anemia, arsenic poisoning, beta and alpha thalassemia

82
Q

abnormal deposition of iron in erythrocytes within the mitochondria (ring around the nucleus)

A

ringed sideroblasts

83
Q

ringed sideroblasts are seen in:

A

hemochromatosis, sideroblastic anemia, refractory anemia w/ ringed sideroblasts

84
Q

dark red, hexagonal crystals that are shaped like bacilli rods (washington monument appearance)

A

hemoglobin c crystals

85
Q

what causes the formation of hemoglobin c crystals?

A

glutamic substitution for lysine at the 6th position on the beta chain

86
Q

hemoglobin c crystals are seen in:

A

homozygous hemoglobin c disease

87
Q

hemoglobin c crystals are commonly found with:

A

target cells and microspherocytes

88
Q

beta globin chains in tetrads

A

hemoglobin h crystals

89
Q

what stained is used to see hemoglobin h crystals

A

brilliant cresyl blue

90
Q

hemoglobin h crystals are associated with?

A

alpha thalassemia

91
Q

referred to as glove cells

A

hemoglobin sc crystals

92
Q

precipitated, denatured hemoglobin

A

heinz body

93
Q

what cells serve as evidence that a heinz body had been formed then removed by the spleen?

A

bite cells

94
Q

heinz bodies are seen in:

A

nadph deficiency, g6pd deficiency

95
Q

true or false. heinz bodies may only be seen on supravital stains like brilliant cresyl blue or crystal violet.

96
Q

dark blue to purple loops, rings or figure-eights found in rbcs

A

cabot rings

97
Q

cabot rings are remnants of the?

A

mitotic spindle

98
Q

cabot rings are associated with?

A

myelodysplastic syndrome, megaloblastic anemia, post splenectomy

99
Q

in vitro phenomenon to platelet morphology, pbs made from edta blood

A

platelet satellitosis

100
Q

platelets seen in patients with wiskott-aldrich syndrome

A

microthrombocytes

101
Q

platelet with cytoplasmic vacuolization that is often seen in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes

A

giant bizarre platelet

102
Q

platelets seen in patients with bernard-soulier syndrome

A

large platelet

103
Q

patients with may-hegglin anomaly has platelets that exceeds the size of rbcs

A

giant adendritic platelet

104
Q

the lungs can also produce platelets. true or false?

105
Q

platelet lifespan in circulation

106
Q

older platelets are larger than young platelets. true or false?

A

false. as they age, platelets shrink.

107
Q

increased number of platelets in circulation

A

thrombocytosis

108
Q

primary cause of thrombocytosis

A

myeloproliferative neoplasms, polycythemia vera, cml, myelofibrosis

109
Q

secondary causes of thrombocytosis

A

infection, auto-immune disorders, malignancies

110
Q

decreased number of platelets in circulation

A

thrombocytopenia

111
Q

causes of thrombocytopenia

A

aplastic anemia, pnh, chemotherapy, leukemia, b12 deficiency, hiv

112
Q

platelets that are larger than rbcs

A

giant platelets

113
Q

factitious cause of thrombocytopenia

A

platelet clumping

114
Q

blue top tube anticoagulant

A

3.2% sodium citrate

115
Q

platelet count normal value:

A

150,000-300,000/uL

116
Q

test that is done to assess platelet function. the time it takes for a skin wound to stop bleeding.

A

bleeding time

117
Q

bleeding time normal value:

A

< 6 minutes

118
Q

test that is done to diagnose hemophilia. the time it takes for blood to form a clot.

A

clotting time

119
Q

clotting time normal value:

A

2 - 6 minutes

120
Q

test that is done to evaluate the level and function of fibrinogen.

A

thrombin time

121
Q

thrombin time normal value:

A

12 - 14 seconds

122
Q

monitors warfarin, evaluation of vitamin k deficiency, and assessment of liver failure

A

prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (pt/inr)

123
Q

monitors heparin, assessment of clotting factor function in hemophilia and von willebrand disease

A

partial thromboplastin time (ptt)

124
Q

test for abnormal bleeding or patient is at risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

both pt/inr and ptt

125
Q

factor i

A

fibrinogen

126
Q

factor ii

A

prothrombin

127
Q

factor iii

A

tissue factor

128
Q

factor iv

A

calcium ions

129
Q

factor v

A

labile factor

130
Q

factor vii

A

stable factor

131
Q

factor viii

A

antihemophilic factor

132
Q

vwf

A

von willebrand factor

133
Q

factor ix

A

christmas factor

134
Q

factor x

A

stuart-prower factor

135
Q

factor xi

A

plasma thromboplastin antecedent

136
Q

factor xii

A

hageman factor

137
Q

prekallikrein

A

fletcher, pre-K

138
Q

high molecular weight kininogen

A

fitzgerald factor, hmwk

139
Q

factor xiii

A

fibrin-stabilizing factor

140
Q

platelet factor 3

A

phospholipids

141
Q

coagulation analyzer in the video:

A

kinghawk khb-202

142
Q

prothrombin time reagent in khb-202

A

phospholastin rl reagent

143
Q

activated partial thromboplastin time reagent in khb-202

A

calcium chloride

144
Q

hematocrit is also known as

A

packed cell volume

145
Q

hematocrit normal values per gender:

A

male: 0.40-0.50
female: 0.30-0.40

146
Q

low hematocrit indications

A

overhydration, hemorrhage, renal diseases, pernicious anemia, hemolysis, autoimmune diseases

147
Q

high hematocrit indications

A

dehydration, erythrocytosis, polycythemia vera, hemochromatosis, high epo

148
Q

microhematocrit samples

A

fresh blood or edta/heparin blood

149
Q

microhematocrit centrifugal force

A

10,000-15,000 for 30 seconds

150
Q

microhematocrit should be performed within:

A

10 minutes

151
Q

spun hematocrit limitation

A

1.5-3.0% higher due to plasma trapped in rbc layer

152
Q

hemoglobin normal value per gender:

A

male: 140-180
female: 120-150

153
Q

visual hgb methods:

A 
sahli acid hematin
tallqvst hgb chart
who hgb color scale
oxyhemoglobin
sg method
154
Q

photoelectric hgb methods:

A

cyanmethemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
alkaline hematin

155
Q

measurement of light scattered by particles and fluorescence observed when these particles are passed in a steam through a laser beam

A

flow cytometry

156
Q

true or false. flow cytometry provides a rapid analysis of cells.

157
Q

properties that a flow cytometry can measure:

A

size, granularity or complexity, and fluorescence intensity

Hematology 1 (6 decks)

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