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Hannah Physics Review > Jerry II > Flashcards

Jerry II Flashcards

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1
Q

In many cases, digital fluoroscopy eliminates what?

A

Post procedure “overhead” images

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2
Q

What is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element?

A

Atom

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3
Q

In digital fluoroscopy, the image must be turned into digital form by what device?

A

Analog-to-digital converter

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4
Q

X-rays travel as bundles of energy called

A

Photons

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5
Q

What is an atomic mass?

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons

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6
Q

What device may be used to ensure consistency of radiographic quality from 1 exposure to the next?

A

Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)

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7
Q

When a predetermined level of ionization chamber is reached in the ionization chamber, what does the machine do?

A

The exposure is terminated

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8
Q

What type of machine uses a continually decreasing mA for the shortest time possible?

A

Falling load generator

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9
Q

What type of current is required for proper operation of the x-ray tube?

A

Direct

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10
Q

The law stating that the outer shell of an atom can contain no more than 8 (e-) is called

A

Octet rule

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11
Q

Examples of particle radiation are

A

Helium nuclei & Beta particles

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12
Q

Electromagnetic radiation travels

A

In waves along a straight path

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13
Q

At what speed do x-ray travel?

A

The speed of light

186,000 m/s

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14
Q

Waves of radiation are called

A

Sine waves

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15
Q

Wavelength is defined as the distance from

A

Peak to peak of the wave

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16
Q

Frequency is defined as

A

The number of waves passing a point per unit time

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17
Q

The speed of x-rays is based on

A

The fact that they are a form of electromagnetic radiation

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18
Q

Wavelength & frequency are

A

Inversely proportional to each other

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19
Q

The x-ray beam changes as it travels through the pt by a process called

A

Attenuation

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20
Q

The intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance b/t the source of radiation & person receiving it. This describes the

A

Inverse square law

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21
Q

As radiation strikes matter

A

The energy is transferred to the atoms according to the law of conservation of energy

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22
Q

Which of the following statements are true regarding electrostatic charges?

A
  • It is the study of electric charge @ rest

- Electrostatic charges concentrate on a conductor in the area of greatest curvature

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23
Q

A magnetic field always surrounds an electrical charge in motion? True or false

A

False

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24
Q

Electromagnetic induction is the process of causing an electrical current to flow in a conductor

A

When it is placed in the magnetic filed of another conductor

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25
Q

2 types of Electromagnetic induction are

A

Self-induction & mutual induction

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26
Q

Self-induction is used in the operation of what device?

A

Autotransformer

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27
Q

The strength of the magnetic fields in a transformer is increased by

A

Coiling the wires & letting their magnetic fields overlap

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28
Q

Electricity is supplied to the imaging department by

A

Generator

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29
Q

The electricity provided to the radiology department is

A

60 Hz AC

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30
Q

The electricity provided to the radiology department operates @

A

120 pulses per second

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31
Q

High-frequency power has

A

almost no ripple

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32
Q

The primary advantage of three-phase power is that

A

Voltage never drop to zero

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33
Q

A variable transformer that is used to select kVp for the x-ray circuit is the

A

Autotransformer

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34
Q

A transformer that has more turns in the secondary coil than in the primary coil is called

A

Step-up transformer

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35
Q

What is the transformer used to boost voltage to kilovoltage level called?

A

Step-up transformer

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36
Q

Voltage coming to the x-ray machine is kept constant through the use of

A

Line voltage compensator

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37
Q

A step-down transformer, steps down

A

Voltage

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38
Q

Where does thermionic emission occur?

A

Cathode

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39
Q

Which device is prereading?

A

kVp meter

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40
Q

Which device reduces voltage & provides current to produce an electron cloud or space charge @ the filament?

A

Step-down transformer

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41
Q

Which device is electronic, with increments of 0.001 second?

A

Timer

42
Q

What changes AC to DC?

A

Rectifier

43
Q

Which is surrounded by a negatively charged focusing cup?

A

Filament

44
Q

Which is composed of soli-state, silicon-based diodes?

A

Rectifier

45
Q

What regulates the duration of x-ray production?

A

Timer

46
Q

What is located in the x-ray circuit b/t the high-voltage transformer & the x-ray tube?

A

Rectifier

47
Q

Which device measures tube current?

A

mA meter

48
Q

What device spins @ 3,300 to 10,000 rpm?

A

Anode

49
Q

What device uses maximum heat storage ability of the tube to deliver mAs?

A

Falling load generator

50
Q

What is the source of bremsstrahlung & characteristic rays?

A

Anode

51
Q

What device increases voltage approximately 500 times?

A

Step-up transformer

52
Q

What is the most commonly used AEC?

A

Ionization chamber

53
Q

What device always delivers the shortest exposure time possible?

A

Falling load generator

54
Q

What device is turned by a rotor?

A

Anode

55
Q

Which device is located b/t pt & IR?

A

Ionization chamber

56
Q

The filament is kept warm by

A

A standby current from the time the x-ray machine is turned on

57
Q

Activating the rotor reduces what?

A

Tube life

58
Q

When making an exposure, the radiographer should

A

Activate the rotor & exposure switch in 1 continuous motion

59
Q

The process of thermionic emission causes

A

Electron to boil off the filament

60
Q

The electron stream passes from cathode to anode b/c of ……………………… passing through the x-ray tube

A

Current

61
Q

Heat is produced in the x-ray tube as

A

Electrons interact w/target material

62
Q

Most of the energy conversion in the x-ray tube produces

A

Heat

63
Q

X-rays are produced as incident electrons interact w/target atoms by a process called

A

Bremsstrahlung

64
Q

X-rays are produced as incident electrons interact w/inner shell electrons in target atoms by a process called

A

Characteristic

65
Q

What percentage of energy in the x-ray tube is converted to x-ray?

A

1%

66
Q

Properties of x-rays are

A
  • Affect film emulsion
  • Scatter & produce secondary radiation
  • Invisible to the human eyes
  • Travel in bundles of energy called photons
  • Can ionize matter & gases
  • Causes phosphors to fluoresce
67
Q

The x-ray beam is

A

Heterogeneous or polyenergetic

Consisting of many different energies (wavelength)

68
Q

The x-ray emission spectrum consist of

A

Discrete spectrum (produced by characteristic rays) & continuous spectrum (produced by brems rays)

69
Q

The primary purpose of filtration is

A

Radiation protection

70
Q

The amount of material needed to reduce the intensity of the beam by 1/10 is called

A

Tenth-value layer

71
Q

True or false:
Total filtration not less than 2.5 mm aluminum equivalent = inherent filtration (glass envelop, tube housing, oil) + added filtration (aluminum)

A

True

72
Q

Calculating heat units for single phase equipment requires the use of ………….. as a constant

A

1

73
Q

Calculating heat units for three-phase, 6-pulse equipment requires the use of ………….. as a constant

A

1.35

74
Q

Calculating heat units for three-phase, 12-pulse equipment requires the use of ………….. as a constant

A

1.41

75
Q

When a quality control test is performed to ensure that the penetrating ability of the x-ray beam is accurate, the result must be w/t what amount of the control panel setting?

A

4

76
Q

The primary type of grid used in diagnostic imaging is

A

Focused

77
Q

The portion of the image-intensifier tube that convert electron energy to visible light is the

A

Output phosphor

78
Q

The portion of the image-intensifier tube that convert visible light to an electronic image is the

A

Photocathode

79
Q

The input phosphor of the image-intensifier tube convert

A

X-ray energy to visible light

80
Q

Total brightness gain achieved using an image intensifier equals

A

Flux gain times minification gain

81
Q

Single-phase, full-wave rectification produces

A

Pulsating direct current with 120 pulses per second & 100% ripple

82
Q

Three-phase, 6-pulse full-wave rectification produces

A

Direct current with 13 % ripple

83
Q

Three-phase, 12-pulse full-wave rectification produces

A

Direct current with 4 % ripple

84
Q

The increase in average photon energy when using three-phase, 6-pulse equipment compared with single-phase equipment is

A

35 %

85
Q

The increase in average photon energy when using three-phase, 12-pulse equipment compared with single-phase equipment is

A

41 %

86
Q

Programs that deal with the safe & reliable operation of equipment & programs that address all aspects of the delivery of radiology services are called

A

Quality control & quality assurance

87
Q

Examples of dedicated x-ray equipment include

A
  • Mammography units
  • Tomography units
  • Mobile x-ray machines
88
Q

The collimator must be accurate to a level of

A

2 % SID

89
Q

kVp must be accurate to w/t

A

4

90
Q

Exposure linearity must be accurate to w/t

A

10 %

91
Q

Exposure reproducibility must be accurate to w/t

A

5 %

92
Q

When spinning top test is performed on single-phase equipment, a radiograph exhibiting 4 dots would indicate

A

An accurate timer, if set on 1/30 second

93
Q

When spinning top test is performed on three-phase equipment, a timer setting of 1/60 second should indicate what on the resultant radiograph?

A

6-degree arc

94
Q

The test that measures the accuracy of adjacent mA station is

A

Exposure linearity

95
Q

The test that measures the accuracy of successive exposure is

A

Exposure reproducibility

96
Q

Effective focal-spot size may be measured using the

A
  • Slit camera
  • Star test pattern
  • Pinhole camera
97
Q

Resolution of the television system may be measured using

A

Resolution test pattern

98
Q

AECs may be tested using

A

Phantoms

99
Q

The amount of mA used for fluoroscopy is

A

3 to 5

100
Q

Marks on the focal track of the anode resulting from bombardment of electrons are called

A

Pitting

101
Q

Effective quality control & quality assurance programs are required for accreditation by

A

The Joint Commission

Hannah Physics Review (2 decks)

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