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Hannah Physics Review > Jerry II > Flashcards

Jerry II Flashcards

1
Q

In many cases, digital fluoroscopy eliminates what?

A

Post procedure “overhead” images

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2
Q

What is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element?

A

Atom

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3
Q

In digital fluoroscopy, the image must be turned into digital form by what device?

A

Analog-to-digital converter

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4
Q

X-rays travel as bundles of energy called

A

Photons

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5
Q

What is an atomic mass?

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons

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6
Q

What device may be used to ensure consistency of radiographic quality from 1 exposure to the next?

A

Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)

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7
Q

When a predetermined level of ionization chamber is reached in the ionization chamber, what does the machine do?

A

The exposure is terminated

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8
Q

What type of machine uses a continually decreasing mA for the shortest time possible?

A

Falling load generator

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9
Q

What type of current is required for proper operation of the x-ray tube?

A

Direct

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10
Q

The law stating that the outer shell of an atom can contain no more than 8 (e-) is called

A

Octet rule

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11
Q

Examples of particle radiation are

A

Helium nuclei & Beta particles

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12
Q

Electromagnetic radiation travels

A

In waves along a straight path

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13
Q

At what speed do x-ray travel?

A

The speed of light

186,000 m/s

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14
Q

Waves of radiation are called

A

Sine waves

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15
Q

Wavelength is defined as the distance from

A

Peak to peak of the wave

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16
Q

Frequency is defined as

A

The number of waves passing a point per unit time

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17
Q

The speed of x-rays is based on

A

The fact that they are a form of electromagnetic radiation

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18
Q

Wavelength & frequency are

A

Inversely proportional to each other

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19
Q

The x-ray beam changes as it travels through the pt by a process called

A

Attenuation

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20
Q

The intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance b/t the source of radiation & person receiving it. This describes the

A

Inverse square law

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21
Q

As radiation strikes matter

A

The energy is transferred to the atoms according to the law of conservation of energy

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22
Q

Which of the following statements are true regarding electrostatic charges?

A
  • It is the study of electric charge @ rest

- Electrostatic charges concentrate on a conductor in the area of greatest curvature

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23
Q

A magnetic field always surrounds an electrical charge in motion? True or false

A

False

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24
Q

Electromagnetic induction is the process of causing an electrical current to flow in a conductor

A

When it is placed in the magnetic filed of another conductor

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25
2 types of Electromagnetic induction are
Self-induction & mutual induction
26
Self-induction is used in the operation of what device?
Autotransformer
27
The strength of the magnetic fields in a transformer is increased by
Coiling the wires & letting their magnetic fields overlap
28
Electricity is supplied to the imaging department by
Generator
29
The electricity provided to the radiology department is
60 Hz AC
30
The electricity provided to the radiology department operates @
120 pulses per second
31
High-frequency power has
almost no ripple
32
The primary advantage of three-phase power is that
Voltage never drop to zero
33
A variable transformer that is used to select kVp for the x-ray circuit is the
Autotransformer
34
A transformer that has more turns in the secondary coil than in the primary coil is called
Step-up transformer
35
What is the transformer used to boost voltage to kilovoltage level called?
Step-up transformer
36
Voltage coming to the x-ray machine is kept constant through the use of
Line voltage compensator
37
A step-down transformer, steps down
Voltage
38
Where does thermionic emission occur?
Cathode
39
Which device is prereading?
kVp meter
40
Which device reduces voltage & provides current to produce an electron cloud or space charge @ the filament?
Step-down transformer
41
Which device is electronic, with increments of 0.001 second?
Timer
42
What changes AC to DC?
Rectifier
43
Which is surrounded by a negatively charged focusing cup?
Filament
44
Which is composed of soli-state, silicon-based diodes?
Rectifier
45
What regulates the duration of x-ray production?
Timer
46
What is located in the x-ray circuit b/t the high-voltage transformer & the x-ray tube?
Rectifier
47
Which device measures tube current?
mA meter
48
What device spins @ 3,300 to 10,000 rpm?
Anode
49
What device uses maximum heat storage ability of the tube to deliver mAs?
Falling load generator
50
What is the source of bremsstrahlung & characteristic rays?
Anode
51
What device increases voltage approximately 500 times?
Step-up transformer
52
What is the most commonly used AEC?
Ionization chamber
53
What device always delivers the shortest exposure time possible?
Falling load generator
54
What device is turned by a rotor?
Anode
55
Which device is located b/t pt & IR?
Ionization chamber
56
The filament is kept warm by
A standby current from the time the x-ray machine is turned on
57
Activating the rotor reduces what?
Tube life
58
When making an exposure, the radiographer should
Activate the rotor & exposure switch in 1 continuous motion
59
The process of thermionic emission causes
Electron to boil off the filament
60
The electron stream passes from cathode to anode b/c of ........................... passing through the x-ray tube
Current
61
Heat is produced in the x-ray tube as
Electrons interact w/target material
62
Most of the energy conversion in the x-ray tube produces
Heat
63
X-rays are produced as incident electrons interact w/target atoms by a process called
Bremsstrahlung
64
X-rays are produced as incident electrons interact w/inner shell electrons in target atoms by a process called
Characteristic
65
What percentage of energy in the x-ray tube is converted to x-ray?
1%
66
Properties of x-rays are
- Affect film emulsion - Scatter & produce secondary radiation - Invisible to the human eyes - Travel in bundles of energy called photons - Can ionize matter & gases - Causes phosphors to fluoresce
67
The x-ray beam is
Heterogeneous or polyenergetic | Consisting of many different energies (wavelength)
68
The x-ray emission spectrum consist of
Discrete spectrum (produced by characteristic rays) & continuous spectrum (produced by brems rays)
69
The primary purpose of filtration is
Radiation protection
70
The amount of material needed to reduce the intensity of the beam by 1/10 is called
Tenth-value layer
71
True or false: Total filtration not less than 2.5 mm aluminum equivalent = inherent filtration (glass envelop, tube housing, oil) + added filtration (aluminum)
True
72
Calculating heat units for single phase equipment requires the use of .............. as a constant
1
73
Calculating heat units for three-phase, 6-pulse equipment requires the use of .............. as a constant
1.35
74
Calculating heat units for three-phase, 12-pulse equipment requires the use of .............. as a constant
1.41
75
When a quality control test is performed to ensure that the penetrating ability of the x-ray beam is accurate, the result must be w/t what amount of the control panel setting?
4
76
The primary type of grid used in diagnostic imaging is
Focused
77
The portion of the image-intensifier tube that convert electron energy to visible light is the
Output phosphor
78
The portion of the image-intensifier tube that convert visible light to an electronic image is the
Photocathode
79
The input phosphor of the image-intensifier tube convert
X-ray energy to visible light
80
Total brightness gain achieved using an image intensifier equals
Flux gain times minification gain
81
Single-phase, full-wave rectification produces
Pulsating direct current with 120 pulses per second & 100% ripple
82
Three-phase, 6-pulse full-wave rectification produces
Direct current with 13 % ripple
83
Three-phase, 12-pulse full-wave rectification produces
Direct current with 4 % ripple
84
The increase in average photon energy when using three-phase, 6-pulse equipment compared with single-phase equipment is
35 %
85
The increase in average photon energy when using three-phase, 12-pulse equipment compared with single-phase equipment is
41 %
86
Programs that deal with the safe & reliable operation of equipment & programs that address all aspects of the delivery of radiology services are called
Quality control & quality assurance
87
Examples of dedicated x-ray equipment include
- Mammography units - Tomography units - Mobile x-ray machines
88
The collimator must be accurate to a level of
2 % SID
89
kVp must be accurate to w/t
4
90
Exposure linearity must be accurate to w/t
10 %
91
Exposure reproducibility must be accurate to w/t
5 %
92
When spinning top test is performed on single-phase equipment, a radiograph exhibiting 4 dots would indicate
An accurate timer, if set on 1/30 second
93
When spinning top test is performed on three-phase equipment, a timer setting of 1/60 second should indicate what on the resultant radiograph?
6-degree arc
94
The test that measures the accuracy of adjacent mA station is
Exposure linearity
95
The test that measures the accuracy of successive exposure is
Exposure reproducibility
96
Effective focal-spot size may be measured using the
- Slit camera - Star test pattern - Pinhole camera
97
Resolution of the television system may be measured using
Resolution test pattern
98
AECs may be tested using
Phantoms
99
The amount of mA used for fluoroscopy is
3 to 5
100
Marks on the focal track of the anode resulting from bombardment of electrons are called
Pitting
101
Effective quality control & quality assurance programs are required for accreditation by
The Joint Commission

Hannah Physics Review (2 decks)

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