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Hannah Physics Review > Jerry I > Flashcards

Jerry I Flashcards

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1
Q

The x-rays that penetrate through the housing of the x-ray tube are called_____ radiation.

A

Leakage

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2
Q

Having fewer x-rays on the anode side of the image receptor in comparison with the cathode side is called _______

A

Heel effect

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3
Q

_________ produces images of reduced intensity outside the edges of the collimated filed of view

A

Off focus

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4
Q

That the effective focal spot size is smaller than the area where the x-rays are actually produced because of the beveled angle of the x-ray tube target is called _____

A

Line focus principle

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5
Q

_________ is attributed to attenuation within the target of the x-ray tube.

A

Heel effect

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6
Q

Federal regulations limit leakage raditation at a distance of 1 meter to an amount less than ______ mR/hr at higheest kVp and maximum continous mA

A

100

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7
Q

If the mA used during measurement of the effective focal spot of an x-ray tube is increased, the measured dimension of the focal spot size _________

A

Is increased

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8
Q

If the kVp used during measurement of the effective focal spot of an x-ray tube is increased, the measured dimension of the vocal spot zied _________

A

Decreases

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9
Q

For the same effective focal spot size, the _____ as the anode angle is decreased from 12 to 8 degrees

A

Heat distribution improves

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10
Q

X-ray radiation levels at the image receptor increase with an increase in all of the following parameters, EXCEPT _______(SID/kVp/mA/exposure duration(s)/anode angle)

A

SID

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11
Q

the cutoff on the anode side of the image receptor is more severe when ______

A

SID is smaller

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12
Q

One of the two key purposes of x-ray beam collimation is to________

A

Reduce the scattered radiation

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13
Q

______ percent of the bombarding electrons’ energy is converted in x-ray production.

A

1

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14
Q

The part of the x-ray tube responsible for the heat distribution in the anode is the _______.

A

rotor

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15
Q

Secondary radiation consists of scattered x-rays plus _______

A

Leakage radiation

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16
Q

The main x-ray tube factor that affects the spatial resolution in the image is the _____

A

Effective focal spot size

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17
Q

The spatial resolution in the image is always better __________

A

On the anode side

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18
Q

The factor that results in the largest increase in the x-ray output is to ______

A

Double the mAs

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19
Q

For a constant filament size, all of the following cause more image blur, EXCEPT______(Small anode angle/lower kVp/higher mA/greater geometric magnification/longer exposure times)

A

Smaller anode angle

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20
Q

To prevent anode cutoff at 100cm with the largest cassette (35 cm x 43 cm), the anode angle must be no less than _____ degrees

A

13

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21
Q

Bremsstrahlung x-ray production accounts for _______ % of all the x-rays.

A

85-100

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22
Q

The energy spectrum of bremsstrahlung x-rays is _______.

A

Polychromatic

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23
Q

The shortest wavelength x-ray photons are dependent on ________

A

kVp

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24
Q

The longest wavelength x-ray photons are dependent on _______

A

X-ray beam filtration

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25
Q

The K-characteristic x-rays for a tungsten x-ray tube target have energies of about _____ keV

A

50-70

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26
Q

The K-characteristic x-rays for a rhodium x-ray tube target have energies of about ______ keV

A

20-23

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27
Q

the K-characteristic x-rays for a molybdenum x-ray tube target have an energy of about _____ keV

A

17-20

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28
Q

The L-characteristic x-rays for a tungsten x-ray tube target are usually_____

A

An insignificant (khong dang, kong quan trong) portion of the total x-ray production

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29
Q

A single bombarding electron that undergoes several bremsstrahlung interactions in the x-ray tube anode produces ________

A

Several low-energy x-rays

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30
Q

If the average energy of an x-ray spectrum is approximately 40 keV, the voltage across the x-ray tube must be around ______ kVp.

A

80-120

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31
Q

To be able to produce K-characteristic x-rays in a tungsten target x-ray tube, the x-ray tube voltage must be no lower than _____ kVp

A

69.5

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32
Q

The x-ray quantity increases when the ____ is larger in magnitube.

A

kVp and mAs

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33
Q

The quality (ability of x-rays to penetrate through the patient’s body) improves when the _______ is larger in magnitube

A

kVp and Filtration

34
Q

The contrast in radiographic images degrades when the _____ is larger in magnitube

A

kVp and Filtration

35
Q

The relative amount of scattered x-rays increases when the ____ is larger in magnitube

A

kVp and Filtration

36
Q

The quantity of the bremsstrahlung x-rays depends on _______

A

kVp, mAs, and Filtration

37
Q

The quantity of the characteristic x-rays depends on all of the following, EXCEPT: …………………….(kVp/SID/mAs/atomic #/mass #)

A

Mass number

38
Q

If the x-ray tube voltage is increased from 60 to 120 kVp, the quantity is changed by _____ the previous value

A

4.0 times

39
Q

If the mAs is doubled, the quantity of the x-ray beam is changed by ____ the previous value

A

2.0 times

40
Q

quantity is usually measured in units of_____

A

mR

41
Q

QUALITY is usually measured in units of _____

A

mm of aluminum [nhom]

42
Q

An increase in filtration with a corresponding increae in mAs in order to maintain radiographic film density constant results in ____ to the patient’s skin entrance radiation dose

A

A decrease

43
Q

The quality of the characteristic x-rays is affected by the ______

A

Atomic number [Z number]

44
Q

Higher amounts of ______ increase both the quantity and QUALITY of an x-ray beam

A

kVp

45
Q

The filament circuit uses_______

A

Step-down transformer

46
Q

the line regulator uses ________

A

Autotransformer

47
Q

The high-voltage (kVp) circuit requires _____ and _______

A

Step-up transformer and Rectifiers

48
Q

a high-frequency generator requires ________

A

Inverter circuit

49
Q

Changing AC current to DC current requires _________

A

Rectifiers

50
Q

The voltage required to remove most of the space charge around the filament and collect more of the thermionic emitted electrons is called the _____ voltage

A

Saturation [voltage]

51
Q

the x-ray generator (high-voltage section) that produces the most x-rays per mAs at a given kVp and distance is ______

A

Constant potential

52
Q

The generator that uses six [6] diodes for the high-voltage rectification is _______

A

3-phase, 6-pulse

53
Q

the x-ray generator tha thas the least penetrating x-rays and results in the highest radiation does to the patient for the same kVp and same film density is the _____

A

Single phase

54
Q

The x-ray generator with the smallest transformer size is the ______

A

High-frequency

55
Q

The x-ray generator that produces the smallest amount of x-rays for a give setting of kVp and mAs is_______

A

Signle phase

56
Q

The x-ray generator that produces 180 pulses per 500 millisecond exposure is _______

A

3-phase, 6-pulse

57
Q

the x-ray generator that has 100% ripple in the kVp waveform is the _______

A

Single phase

58
Q

The space charge effect dissipates at an x-ray tube potential of about ______kVp

A

40

59
Q

The x-ray timer circuit that uses radiation measurements to terminated the exposure is called a(n) _______ timer.

A

Automatic exposure control (AEC)

60
Q

The most common x-ray exposure timer, which can adjust to exposure durations from several seconds to 1 millisecond, is the ______ timer

A

R-C

61
Q

Timer circuits terminate x-ray exposures by interrupting the _____

A

Primary current of the step-up transformer

62
Q

The device tha stores electrical charge and is used in timer circuits is called a _____

A

Capacitor

63
Q

The ______ allows electrons to flow in only one direction

A

Diode

64
Q

The equation for Ohm’s law is _______

A

R = V/I [Resistance = Voltage/Current]

65
Q

the device that does NOT function with DC power is a _______

A

Transformer

66
Q

A transformer can regulate all the following electrical paramters, EXCEPT_____ (Voltage/current/phase/power/inductance)

A

Power

67
Q

Ripple in the x-ray tube voltage is undesirable [thi khong tot] because it reduces _____

A

X-ray production

68
Q

the x-ray tube current is monitored on the ______

A

Secondary side of the step-up transformer

69
Q

Typical values for the filament current are around ______mA, and typical values for the tube current are _____ ma.

A

5000, 500

70
Q

At diagnostic x-ray energies, the _____ interaction between x-rays and matter [car vat] has the same mass attenuation coefficient in all elements of the atomic table )except for hydrogen).

A

Compton scatter

71
Q

The ———-interaction between x-rays and matter depends strongly on the atomic number (Z) of the attenuation material

A

Photoelectric effect

72
Q

In the _____ interraction between x-rays and matter, the photon disappears, and an electron and a positron are creasted

A

Pair production

73
Q

The ______ interaction between x-rays and matter requires photon energies greater than 5 to 10 MeV

A

Photonuclear disintegration

74
Q

the probability of ______ interaction between x-rays and matter decreases in inverse propartion to the photon energy cubed

A

Photoelectric effect

75
Q

the _____ interaction between x-rays and matter requires photon energies greater than 1.02 MeV before it can occur

A

Pair production

76
Q

For incident photons with high energies, the _______ interaction between x-rays and matter results in photons that are scattered primarily in the forward direction

A

Compton scatter

77
Q

The probiability of _____ interaction between x-rays and matter depends primarily on the electron density of the attenuation material

A

Compton scatter

78
Q

The ____ and ______ interactions do NOT occur at diagnostic x-ray energies

A

Pair production and Photonuclear disintegration

79
Q

The probability[co hoi] of ______ interaction between x-rays and matter depends on the physical density of the attenuation material

A

all of the above: photoelectric effect, compton scatter, coherent scatter, pair production, and photonuclear disintegration

80
Q

The probability of _____ interaction between x-rays and matter depends on the thickness of the attenuation material

A

all of the above: photoelectric effect, compton scatter, coherent scatter, pair production, and photonuclear disintegration

81
Q

The primary shielding material for diagnostic x-ray is ______

A

Lead [chat thiet]

Hannah Physics Review (2 decks)

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