Jekyll And Hyde Flashcards
Context: Gothic literature
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde fits within the gothic tradition with its dark atmosphere, moral duality, and psychological tension. The novel delves into the unsettling transformation of Dr. Jekyll into the monstrous Mr. Hyde, creating a sense of dread and unease. It reflects the gothic interest in the darker side of human nature, supernatural events, and the fear of the unknown.
Explain the plot
Chapter 1 – Story of the Door
Mr. Utterson, a lawyer, and his friend Mr. Enfield walk through London when they come across a mysterious door. Enfield recalls an incident where a sinister man, Mr. Hyde, trampled a young girl and paid compensation using a cheque signed by Dr. Jekyll.
Chapter 2 – Search for Mr. Hyde
Utterson, disturbed by the story, checks Jekyll’s will and finds that he has left everything to Hyde. Utterson tries to learn more about Hyde and eventually meets him. Hyde gives an unsettling impression, but Jekyll reassures Utterson that everything is under control.
Chapter 3 – Dr. Jekyll Was Quite at Ease
Utterson confronts Jekyll about his connection to Hyde. Jekyll refuses to explain but insists he can get rid of Hyde whenever he chooses.
Chapter 4 – The Carew Murder Case
A year later, Hyde brutally murders Sir Danvers Carew, a respected man, with a cane. The crime is witnessed, and Hyde disappears. The police investigate, but Hyde’s home is found empty, and he vanishes without a trace.
Chapter 5 – Incident of the Letter
Jekyll assures Utterson that he is done with Hyde and shows him a letter supposedly written by Hyde. However, Utterson’s clerk notices that Hyde’s handwriting is suspiciously similar to Jekyll’s, raising further questions.
Chapter 6 – Remarkable Incident of Dr. Lanyon
Jekyll returns to his old, friendly self for a while but then suddenly shuts himself away. Utterson visits Dr. Lanyon, who has fallen mysteriously ill. Lanyon refuses to talk about what happened but says he has had a terrible shock. Soon after, Lanyon dies, leaving a letter to Utterson, only to be opened after Jekyll’s death or disappearance.
Chapter 7 – Incident at the Window
Utterson and Enfield pass by Jekyll’s house and see him sitting at a window. They briefly talk, but Jekyll suddenly looks terrified and slams the window shut, shocking them both.
Chapter 8 – The Last Night
Jekyll’s servant, Poole, visits Utterson in distress. They break into Jekyll’s lab and find Hyde dead on the floor, wearing Jekyll’s clothes. However, Jekyll is nowhere to be found. A letter and confession from Jekyll are discovered.
Chapter 9 – Dr. Lanyon’s Narrative
Lanyon’s letter reveals that he had received a request from Jekyll to collect a mysterious potion. When Hyde drank the potion in front of Lanyon, he transformed into Jekyll, causing Lanyon such horror that it led to his death.
Chapter 10 – Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case
Jekyll’s confession explains everything—he had created a potion that separated his good and evil sides, allowing him to turn into Hyde. At first, he enjoyed the freedom Hyde gave him, but over time, Hyde’s cruelty and violence grew uncontrollable. Eventually, he could no longer stop the transformations, even without the potion. With no way to return to his normal self, Jekyll chose to end his life, knowing that Hyde would die with him.
Vocabulary bank
1.Duality – The state of having two opposing aspects, like Jekyll’s good side and Hyde’s evil nature.
2. Repression – The act of suppressing desires or emotions, as Jekyll tries to control his darker urges.
3. Depravity – Moral corruption or wickedness, shown in Hyde’s violent and cruel actions.
4. Degeneration – The idea of regressing to a more primitive or immoral state, reflected in Hyde’s animalistic behaviour.
5. Gothic – A genre of literature that explores horror, mystery, and the supernatural, which the novel strongly embodies.
6. Hypocrisy – Pretending to have moral standards while secretly violating them, as Jekyll does by leading a double life.
7. Supernatural – Beyond the natural world, linked to Jekyll’s transformation into Hyde through an unnatural potion.
8. Metamorphosis – A dramatic change in form or nature, such as Jekyll physically turning into Hyde.
9. Physiognomy – The belief that a person’s appearance reflects their character, seen in Hyde’s deformed and evil look.
10. Foreshadowing – Hints or clues about future events, such as Jekyll’s secrecy hinting at his dark secret.
11. Lurking – Hiding or existing in a shadowy, threatening way, as Hyde does in the dark streets of London.
12. Corruption – The process of becoming morally depraved, as Jekyll becomes more consumed by Hyde’s influence.
13. Isolation – Being alone or cut off from society, which Jekyll experiences as he loses control over Hyde.
14.Troglodytic-Troglodytic means resembling a cave-dweller, often used to describe someone as primitive
15. Temptation – The strong urge to do something wrong, as Jekyll is tempted to embrace his darker self.
16. Transgression – A violation of social or moral laws, like Jekyll defying nature by creating his potion.
17. Uncanny – Something strangely familiar yet eerie, like how Hyde feels both human and inhuman.
18. Violence – The physical brutality Hyde commits, such as the murder of Sir Danvers Carew.
19. Hubris – Excessive pride or ambition, seen in Jekyll’s belief that he can control his dark side.
20. Fatalism – The belief that fate is unavoidable, as Jekyll ultimately cannot escape his downfall.
21.Tension- means a feeling of suspense, anxiety, or strain, often caused by uncertainty or conflict.
22.Atavism-a return to more primitive or earlier forms of behaviour or physical traits.
23.Uncanny-refers to something that is strange, eerie, or unsettling because it feels both familiar and unfamiliar
24.Reputation-means what people think about someone based on their actions or behaviour. Important in Victorian society.
25.Blackmail-is the act of demanding something from someone by threatening to reveal damaging information about them.
Theme of Duality
The theme of duality in Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde explores the idea that every person has two opposing sides—one good and one evil. Dr. Jekyll represents the respectable, kind, and moral side of humanity, while Mr. Hyde embodies the dark, immoral, and violent impulses. Jekyll attempts to separate these two sides by creating Hyde, thinking he can indulge in his darker nature without damaging his reputation. However, the transformations between Jekyll and Hyde become uncontrollable, showing that the two sides of his personality cannot truly be separated. This theme highlights the complexity of human nature, suggesting that good and evil are inseparable and that everyone harbors both light and dark aspects within themselves.
Freudian theory of the mind:
Sigmund Freud’s theory of the mind divides it into three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id represents primal desires and impulses, operating on the pleasure principle and seeking immediate gratification without concern for consequences. The ego acts as a mediator, balancing the id’s desires with the reality of the world, operating on the reality principle. The superego is the moral aspect of the mind, representing ethical standards and conscience. In Jekyll and Hyde, Dr. Jekyll represents the ego, trying to control his darker impulses, while Mr. Hyde embodies the id, acting on instinct and without moral restraint. The novel explores the tension between these two aspects of the self, reflecting Freud’s theory of the mind and the internal conflict between one’s desires and moral conscience.
Theme of Science;
The theme of science in Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde explores the dangers and ethical implications of scientific experimentation, particularly when it pushes beyond moral boundaries. Dr. Jekyll, a respected scientist, uses his knowledge of science to create a potion that separates his good and evil sides, driven by his desire to explore the limits of human nature. However, his experiment leads to disastrous consequences, as he loses control over the transformation and becomes increasingly dominated by the violent, immoral Hyde. The novel raises questions about the potential risks of scientific discovery when it is driven by personal ambition or a desire to transcend natural human limits. Through Jekyll’s downfall, Stevenson suggests that science, when misused, can lead to the destruction of both the individual and society, highlighting the importance of ethical responsibility in scientific endeavors. Mr. Hyde can be seen as a metaphor for mental fragmentation or a psychological breakdown. Jekyll’s experience reflects the inner conflict between different parts of his personality, suggesting a kind of split personality disorder or dissociative identity disorder.
Context of London
Victorian London, the setting of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, was a city marked by sharp contrasts between wealth and poverty. During this period, London underwent rapid industrialization, with a growing divide between the affluent, living in grand houses, and the poor, residing in slums. The city was often described as dark, foggy, and grim, which added to its sense of mystery and danger. This atmosphere of urban decay and moral uncertainty is reflected in the novel, where the contrast between the respectable world of Dr. Jekyll and the sordid, violent actions of Mr. Hyde mirrors the social tensions and the fear of the unknown that characterized Victorian society. The era’s strict social codes and growing concerns about morality and identity also play a central role in the novel’s themes.
Theme of religion:
The theme of religion in Jekyll and Hyde intersects with Victorian debates between Darwin’s theory of evolution and creationism. Jekyll’s transformation into Hyde symbolizes the struggle between human nature and moral law, echoing fears of moral degradation and the loss of divine order. Darwin’s ideas about evolution challenged traditional Christian views, suggesting that humans are not inherently divine but part of a natural, often brutal, progression. Hyde represents the primitive, animalistic side of humanity, in contrast to Jekyll’s civilized, respectable persona, reflecting the tension between religious morality and the emerging scientific understanding of human nature. The novel suggests that suppressing darker instincts, instead of confronting them, leads to moral destruction, challenging both religious and scientific perspectives.
Theme of repression:
The themes of repression and homosexuality in Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde can be explored through the Victorian context of the novel. In the strict, conservative society of the time, repression was a common response to desires or behaviors deemed immoral, including homosexuality, which was illegal and heavily stigmatized. Dr. Jekyll’s creation of Hyde represents an attempt to repress his darker impulses, allowing him to indulge in sinful behavior without it affecting his respectable persona. This duality can be interpreted as a metaphor for repressed same-sex attraction or other desires that were hidden due to social pressures. The novel portrays the psychological and moral toll of such repression, suggesting that denying one’s true nature—whether through scientific experimentation or societal norms—leads to inner turmoil and eventual destruction. Jekyll’s inability to control Hyde’s increasingly violent behavior reflects the consequences of repressed desires that are forced to surface in unhealthy ways.
Context:Victorian society
Victorian society was marked by strict social norms, a focus on morality, and a deep divide between the wealthy and the poor. Religion played a central role, emphasizing respectability and family values, while emerging scientific ideas, like Darwin’s theory of evolution, challenged traditional beliefs. Personal desires, especially those seen as immoral, were often repressed, creating a society of hidden impulses and hypocrisy, which is explored in Jekyll and Hyde.
Theme of appearance and reality:
The theme of appearance vs. reality in Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde highlights the contrast between how things seem on the surface and what they truly are. Dr. Jekyll appears to be a kind, respected doctor, but in reality, he secretly transforms into the cruel and immoral Mr. Hyde. This duality reflects the idea that outward appearances can be deceiving, and people may hide their true nature behind a facade. The novel suggests that what we see is not always the truth, and the tension between appearance and reality can lead to confusion, fear, and ultimately, destruction.
Character analysis:Dr Lanyon
Dr. Lanyon serves as a foil to Dr. Jekyll, embodying the conventional, rational side of Victorian science. His adherence to traditional scientific principles contrasts with Jekyll’s unorthodox and dangerous experiments. Lanyon’s discovery of Jekyll’s transformation into Hyde shatters his worldview, leading to his physical and emotional collapse. His rejection of Jekyll’s work highlights the dangers of overstepping moral and scientific boundaries, reflecting the Victorian fear of unchecked scientific progress. Lanyon’s death symbolizes the destructive consequences of experimenting with the unknown, underscoring the novel’s exploration of the limits of human knowledge and the ethical implications of scientific exploration.
Character analysis: Mr Utterson
Utterson is portrayed as a rational, reliable, and somewhat reserved man, who places great importance on order, respectability, and control—values that align with Victorian society’s expectations. Utterson’s character is defined by his curiosity and loyalty to his friends. When he begins to suspect something is wrong with Jekyll, particularly with his connection to the sinister Mr. Hyde, he becomes determined to uncover the truth, even at the cost of his own safety. His methodical approach to investigating the mystery reflects his rational and law-abiding nature, and his desire to protect Jekyll’s reputation drives him to dig deeper.
Despite his outward composure, Utterson’s character also embodies the theme of repression. He struggles with his emotions and maintains a stiff, almost emotionless demeanor throughout the novel. His eventual discovery of the truth about Jekyll and Hyde, however, reveals the deeper, hidden complexities in both his character and the world around him. Utterson’s unwavering loyalty to Jekyll, combined with his shock at the truth, highlights the tension between Victorian society’s outward appearance of respectability and the dark secrets it may conceal.
Character analysis: Mr hyde
Mr. Hyde is the embodiment of Dr. Jekyll’s darker, primal nature in Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. He represents the id in Freud’s theory—driven by instinct and unrestrained by morality. Hyde’s deformed appearance symbolizes his inner corruption, linking to the theme of appearance vs. reality. His violent, immoral actions reflect Victorian fears of moral decay and the breakdown of social order. Hyde also embodies the consequences of repression—Jekyll’s attempt to separate his good and evil sides ultimately leads to destruction, showing the dangers of ignoring one’s true nature. Hyde’s character reflects Victorian anxieties about the darker side of humanity, especially amid emerging scientific ideas like Darwin’s evolution theory.
Character Analysis: Dr Jekyll
Dr. Jekyll represents the conflict between respectability and repressed desires in Victorian society. As a well-respected doctor, he embodies the ego, trying to balance societal duties with darker impulses. His experiment to separate his good and evil sides reflects the tension between science and religion. Jekyll’s transformation into Hyde represents the id, highlighting the dangers of repression. His eventual loss of control over Hyde shows the consequences of trying to suppress one’s darker nature, revealing the limits of scientific exploration and the moral decay beneath societal respectability.
“I am very low, Utterson; and I am afraid you are going to be disappointed in me.” – Dr. Jekyll
This quote reveals Dr. Jekyll’s internal struggle and foreshadows his eventual downfall. It speaks to the theme of repression—Jekyll feels trapped by his own dual nature and is aware that his experiments are taking him down a dangerous path. In the context of Victorian society, where maintaining a good reputation was crucial, Jekyll’s sense of shame and fear of being judged reflects the strict moral codes and the fear of losing respectability. His vulnerability shows how the pressure to conform to societal norms leads to inner conflict and self-doubt.
“I was never more disappointed in any man than Lanyon.” – Dr. Jekyll
Jekyll’s words about Lanyon reveal the conflict between traditional science and unorthodox experimentation. Lanyon represents the rational, empirical side of Victorian science, while Jekyll’s work, pushing the boundaries of science, causes a rift. The quote underscores how Jekyll’s dangerous scientific ambitions clash with the moral and ethical limits of society. It also points to Jekyll’s belief that, in order to unlock the secrets of human nature, one must be willing to challenge accepted norms—a central theme of scientific hubris in the novel.
“I am the chief of sinners, I am the chief of sufferers also.” – Dr. Jekyll
Here, Jekyll acknowledges his moral failings and the duality of human nature. This quote emphasizes the theme of duality, showing how Jekyll sees himself as both sinful and suffering, suggesting that both his good and evil sides are integral to his identity. The idea of internal conflict resonates with the Victorian fear of the unspoken, where people feared the revelation of their hidden vices. This also speaks to the limits of human knowledge, as Jekyll’s understanding of himself and his ability to control his dual nature ultimately fails.
“ape-like fury”-About Mr hyde
This simile ties into the theme of duality, where Dr. Jekyll’s civilized, respectable persona contrasts sharply with Hyde’s monstrous, uncivilized behavior. Hyde’s actions—fueled by instinct and rage—suggest that beneath the veneer of civility, there exists a darker, uncontrollable side to human nature. The term “ape-like” evokes Darwin’s theory of evolution, which was a contemporary issue in Victorian society. It reflects the fear that humanity’s rational nature might be vulnerable to regression into more animalistic behaviors.This phrase also connects to the Victorian fear of the unconscious, as Hyde’s actions are impulsive and unreasoned, representing the unbridled id in Freud’s theory of the mind. It highlights the dangers of ignoring or repressing the darker side of human nature, as Hyde’s uncontrollable violence suggests that the repressed self can emerge in destructive ways when given the opportunity.
Deeper analysis on the carew murder
The Carew murder in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde highlights the themes of repression, Victorian societal norms, and hidden desires. The violent act by Hyde symbolizes the danger of repressing one’s darker impulses, as Jekyll’s attempt to separate his good and evil sides ultimately leads to uncontrollable violence. This can be linked to the repression of sexual desires, including same-sex attraction, in Victorian society, which strictly regulated moral and sexual behavior. The murder reflects the fear of moral decay and the dangers of hiding one’s true nature beneath a veneer of respectability, showing the destructive consequences of trying to suppress forbidden desires in a society that values outward conformity.
“like some damned juggernaut” -About Mr Hyde
The phrase “like some damned juggernaut” describes Hyde’s unstoppable, destructive force, highlighting his uncontrollable nature and the theme of repression. Hyde, as Jekyll’s repressed evil side, symbolizes the danger of suppressing desires, which can explode uncontrollably. The word “damned” ties Hyde to sin and moral corruption,
“I have seen devilish little of the man. I am very much afraid he will never come back.” – Mr. Utterson (about Hyde)
Utterson’s words about Hyde reflect the theme of moral decay and the fear of the unknown in Victorian society. The word “devilish” associates Hyde with evil and sin, playing into the Victorian attitudes to religion. The quote also foreshadows the dangerous influence Hyde has on Jekyll and the potential for destruction that lies beneath seemingly civil interactions.
“Satan’s signature upon his face”-About Hyde
“Satan’s signature upon his face” is alliteration used to describe Mr. Hyde’s appearance and emphasizes his inherent evil and monstrous nature. This quote links to the theme of duality, highlighting the stark contrast between Dr. Jekyll’s respectable persona and Hyde’s demonic, immoral form. The use of “Satan” associates Hyde with sin and corruption, reflecting the Victorian fear of moral decay and the consequences of tampering with nature or science beyond acceptable limits. The imagery of “signature” suggests that Hyde’s evil is a mark that cannot be erased, reinforcing the idea that the darker aspects of human nature, when unleashed, are irreversible and destructive.
“I incline to Cain’s heresy, he used to say. I let my brother go to the devil in his own way.”-Utterson
Utterson’s reference to Cain’s heresy (from the biblical story of Cain and Abel) reveals his pragmatic and nonjudgmental nature. He believes in allowing others to make their own choices, even if they lead to ruin. This reflects the Victorian emphasis on respectability and privacy, as well as the theme of duality—Utterson’s tolerance for others’ flaws mirrors the duality within individuals.
“I felt younger, lighter, happier in body”-jekyll
The quote “I felt younger, lighter, happier in body” comes from Dr. Jekyll’s description of his transformation into Mr. Hyde, where he experiences a sense of freedom and release from the societal constraints that normally repress him.
“Man is not truly one, but truly two.” -Jekyll
Dr. Jekyll’s statement “Man is not truly one, but truly two” reflects the novel’s central theme of duality and aligns with Freud’s theory of the mind. Jekyll acknowledges that every human possesses both a respectable, moral side and a darker, primal side, which he attempts to separate through his experiment. This mirrors Freud’s model of the psyche, where Jekyll represents the superego (socially acceptable self), while Hyde embodies the id (repressed desires and instincts). The struggle between these two aspects highlights the dangers of Victorian repression, as the suppression of natural urges leads to Hyde’s uncontrollable evil. Stevenson uses this idea to critique the strict moral codes of Victorian society, showing that denying one’s darker nature can lead to self-destruction.
“Unscientific Balderdash”-Lanyon
Lanyon, a rational and traditional scientist, sees Jekyll’s work as blasphemous and reckless, straying from empirical science into dangerous pseudoscience. The word “unscientific” highlights the conflict between rational science and Jekyll’s experimental, morally questionable research, while “balderdash” (meaning nonsense) dismisses Jekyll’s theories outright. This reflects the Victorian fear of unchecked scientific progress, linking to concerns about Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, which challenged religious beliefs. The phrase also connects to the theme of science vs. morality, as Lanyon represents traditional, ethical science, while Jekyll embodies the dangerous pursuit of knowledge beyond moral and natural limits.
Themes of mystery and suspicion:
The theme of mystery and suspicion in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is central to the novel’s gothic and detective-like structure. Stevenson builds suspense through secrecy, unexplained events, and unreliable narrators, keeping both characters and readers in the dark. Mr. Utterson’s investigation into Hyde’s connection with Jekyll reflects Victorian anxieties about hidden sins and double lives. The locked doors, strange will, and sudden disappearance of Jekyll all heighten suspicion, while the eventual revelation of Jekyll’s transformation into Hyde serves as the shocking climax. This theme reinforces the novel’s exploration of repression, as Jekyll’s secret experiments expose the dangers of concealing one’s darker nature.
Atmosphere of Jekyll and Hyde:
The atmosphere and ambience of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are deeply gothic, mysterious, and unsettling, creating a sense of unease and suspense throughout the novel. Stevenson uses dark, foggy London streets, eerie silence, and dimly lit settings to evoke a feeling of isolation and secrecy. The contrast between Jekyll’s respectable home and Hyde’s sinister laboratory symbolizes the duality of human nature. The frequent descriptions of shadows, mist, and unnatural stillness heighten the novel’s mystery and tension, reflecting the hidden horrors lurking beneath the surface of society. This ominous atmosphere reinforces themes of repression, secrecy, and the dangers of unchecked scientific ambition.
Theme of good v evil:
The theme of good vs. evil is central to Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, illustrating the duality of human nature. Dr. Jekyll represents the respectable, moral side of society, while Mr. Hyde embodies pure, unchecked evil. Stevenson suggests that good and evil exist within everyone, and repression of darker desires can lead to their uncontrollable emergence. Hyde’s violent acts contrast sharply with Jekyll’s initial kindness, showing the consequences of giving in to one’s worst impulses.
Theme of fear:
The theme of fear in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is deeply rooted in the unknown, the uncontrollable, and the repressed. The novel evokes fear through mystery, gothic settings, and the horrific transformation of Jekyll into Hyde. Characters fear the loss of control, as seen in Jekyll’s struggle against his darker urges, and society fears the hidden evils lurking beneath respectability. Hyde’s deformed, inhuman appearance elicits terror, reflecting Victorian anxieties about degeneration and moral corruption. Stevenson uses fear to explore the dangers of scientific overreach, repression, and the fragility of identity, showing how unchecked desires can lead to self-destruction.
“Trampled Calmly”-About Hyde
The oxymoronic phrase “trampled calmly” highlights Hyde’s cold, inhuman nature, as he commits violence without emotion or remorse. The juxtaposition of brutality and indifference reinforces the theme of evil and the duality of human nature, as Hyde embodies Jekyll’s repressed darkness. His lack of empathy reflects Victorian fears of degeneration, influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution, suggesting a regression into savagery. This moment also enhances the gothic horror of the novel, making Hyde’s unnatural, monstrous behavior even more disturbing and heightening fear and suspense.
“It was a wild, cold, seasonable night of March…”
Pathetic fallacy. Gothic setting which creates suspense.
“a pale moon, lying on her back as though the wind had tilted her”
Gothic setting builds tension and suggests unnatural events.
“the door, which was equipped with neither bell nor knocker”
This is the description of the back entrance to Dr Jekyll’s laboratory. Not only is the filthy entrance anonymous and unidentifiable, it is a haven for the outcasts of society.
“If he be Mr. Hyde, I shall be Mr. Seek.”-Utterson
This playful pun on Hyde’s name (“Hyde” vs. “Seek”) shows Utterson’s determination to uncover the truth. However, his language remains measured and controlled, reflecting his rational and methodical approach. The pun also hints at the novel’s central theme of duality—Utterson is the “seeker” of truth, while Hyde represents the hidden, darker side of humanity.
“There is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable.”-Enfield on Hyde
The word “downright” emphasizes the absolute and unqualified nature of Enfield’s disgust. It suggests that Hyde’s repulsiveness is undeniable and universal.
“Detestable” conveys a deep moral and emotional revulsion, implying that Hyde is not just physically repulsive but also morally abhorrent. The alliteration emphasizes the intensity of Enfield’s disgust toward Hyde. The harsh “d” sound mirrors the revulsion and moral repugnance Hyde inspires, making the description more vivid and memorable.
Physiognomy in the context of Jekyll and Hyde
Physiognomy is the practice of assessing a person’s character or personality based on their outward appearance, particularly their facial features. In the context of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, physiognomy plays a significant role in shaping how characters perceive Mr. Hyde
Phrenology in the context of Jekyll and Hyde
Phrenology is a pseudoscience that was popular in the 19th century, which claimed to determine a person’s character, personality, and mental abilities by examining the shape and contours of their skull. It was based on the idea that different areas of the brain controlled specific traits, and that these traits could be “read” through the bumps and depressions on the skull. In the context of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, phrenology is relevant to Hyde’s appearance.
Theme:Hypocrisy
Victorian society placed a high value on respectability, propriety, and moral uprightness. However, this emphasis on outward appearances often led to a disconnect between public behaviour and private actions. Stevenson uses the characters and their relationships to expose this hypocrisy, particularly through the duality of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
Examples of Hypocrisy in Jekyll and Hyde
Dr. Jekyll’s Double Life:
Dr. Jekyll is a respected and wealthy scientist who appears to live a virtuous life. However, he secretly indulges in his darker desires by transforming into Mr. Hyde, a persona that allows him to act on his impulses without consequence.
Quote: “If each, I told myself, could but be housed in separate identities, life would be relieved of all that was unbearable.” (Chapter 10: “Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case”)
Analysis: Jekyll’s creation of Hyde reveals his hypocrisy. He wants to maintain his respectable reputation while indulging in immoral behavior, highlighting the conflict between societal expectations and personal desires.
Mr. Utterson’s Complicity:
Mr. Utterson, a lawyer and friend of Jekyll, is portrayed as a rational and moral figure. However, he turns a blind eye to Jekyll’s suspicious behavior, choosing to protect his friend’s reputation rather than confront the truth.
Quote: “I incline to Cain’s heresy, he used to say. I let my brother go to the devil in his own way.” (Chapter 1: “Story of the Door”)
Analysis: Utterson’s willingness to ignore Jekyll’s transgressions reflects the hypocrisy of Victorian society, where maintaining appearances often took precedence over addressing moral failings.
Enfield’s Silence:
Mr. Enfield, another respectable character, witnesses Hyde’s violent behavior but chooses not to intervene or investigate further. His inaction reflects the societal tendency to avoid scandal and preserve one’s reputation.
Quote: “It turns me cold to think of this creature stealing like a thief to Harry’s bedside.” (Chapter 1: “Story of the Door”)
Analysis: Enfield’s reluctance to act underscores the hypocrisy of a society that prioritizes respectability over justice.
Hyde as a Manifestation of Hypocrisy:
Hyde represents the hidden, darker side of human nature that Victorian society sought to suppress. His existence is a direct result of Jekyll’s hypocrisy, as Jekyll creates Hyde to indulge in his vices while maintaining his public image.
Quote: “Edward Hyde, alone in the ranks of mankind, was pure evil.” (Chapter 10: “Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case”)
Analysis: Hyde’s pure evil nature is a consequence of Jekyll’s refusal to acknowledge and integrate his darker impulses, exposing the dangers of hypocrisy.
Gothic literature quotes and analysis in Jekyll and Hyde
“A great chocolate-coloured pall lowered over heaven…”
(Chapter 4: “The Carew Murder Case”)
Analysis: The oppressive fog and shifting twilight create a sense of suffocation and instability, mirroring the moral ambiguity and psychological turmoil of Jekyll and Hyde.
“The door, which was equipped with neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained…”
(Chapter 1: “Story of the Door”)
Analysis: The neglected door symbolizes decay and secrecy, reflecting the hidden corruption within Hyde and foreshadowing the novel’s exploration of evil.
“The court was very cool and a little damp, and full of premature twilight…”
(Chapter 2: “Search for Mr. Hyde”)
Analysis: The contrast between the bright sky and the courtyard’s gloom evokes foreboding, symbolizing the moral decay beneath Victorian society’s surface.
“The fog still slept on the wing above the drowned city…”
(Chapter 5: “Incident of the Letter”)
Analysis: The fog represents confusion and obscurity, while the “drowned city” and flickering lamps suggest a world overwhelmed by darkness, struggling for clarity.
“The dismal quarter of Soho seen under these changing glimpses…”
(Chapter 4: “The Carew Murder Case”)
Analysis: Soho’s decayed, nightmarish landscape reflects moral and physical degradation, symbolizing the darker aspects of human nature and society.
Science vs Religion quotes in jekyll and hyde
“I risked death… for any drug that so potently controlled and shook the very fortress of identity…”
(Chapter 10)
Analysis: Jekyll’s experiments risk his soul (the “immaterial tabernacle”), symbolizing the ethical dangers of scientific overreach into spiritual realms.
“And it chanced that the direction of my scientific studies, which led wholly towards the mystic and the transcendental, reacted and shed a strong light on this consciousness of the perennial war among my members. “(Chapter 10- Jekyll)
Analysis: Jekyll’s turn to the “mystic and transcendental” blurs the line between science and spirituality. His experiments challenge religious notions of the soul and moral unity, as he seeks to manipulate and separate the dual aspects of human nature. This reflects the Victorian conflict between scientific progress and religious morality, as Jekyll’s work encroaches on areas traditionally governed by faith.
“it were that hide-bound pedant, Lanyon, at what he called my scientific heresies.”
“it were that hide-bound pedant, Lanyon, at what he called my scientific heresies.”-Jekyll on Lanyon Chapter 10
“Hide-bound pedant, Lanyon”:
Jekyll’s disdain for Lanyon’s conservative, rigid approach to science reflects the Victorian conflict between innovation (Jekyll) and tradition (Lanyon).
“Scientific heresies”:
Lanyon’s term for Jekyll’s work suggests it is not only scientifically unsound but also morally and ethically dangerous, highlighting the tension between science and morality.
Conflict Between Innovation and Tradition:
Jekyll’s radical experiments clash with Lanyon’s adherence to established norms, reflecting Victorian anxieties about scientific progress disrupting moral and social order.
Characterization:
Jekyll’s arrogance and hubris are evident in his dismissal of Lanyon, while Lanyon represents caution and ethical responsibility.
Duality quotes in
“Man is not truly one, but truly two.”
(Chapter 10: “Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case”)
Analysis: Jekyll’s realization that human nature is fundamentally dual—comprising both good and evil—challenges the idea of a unified self. This quote encapsulates the novel’s central theme of duality and the internal struggle between morality and desire.
- “I learned to recognize the thorough and primitive duality of man.”
(Chapter 10: “Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case”)
Analysis: Jekyll acknowledges that duality is an inherent part of human nature. His experiments aim to separate these two sides, but his failure shows that good and evil cannot be divided without consequences.
- “All human beings, as we meet them, are commingled out of good and evil: and Edward Hyde, alone in the ranks of mankind, was pure evil.”
(Chapter 10: “Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case”)
Analysis: This quote highlights the uniqueness of Hyde as a manifestation of pure evil, contrasting with the mixed nature of ordinary humans. It underscores the danger of trying to isolate and indulge one aspect of the self.
- “If each, I told myself, could but be housed in separate identities, life would be relieved of all that was unbearable.”
(Chapter 10: “Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case”)
Analysis: Jekyll’s desire to separate his dual nature reflects his attempt to escape moral responsibility. However, this division leads to chaos, showing that duality cannot be resolved by splitting the self.
- “The powers of Hyde seemed to have grown with the sickliness of Jekyll.”
(Chapter 10: “Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case”)
Analysis: This quote shows the interdependence of Jekyll and Hyde. As Jekyll weakens, Hyde grows stronger, symbolizing the inescapable connection between the two sides of human nature.
- “I was slowly losing hold of my original and better self, and becoming slowly incorporated with my second and worse.”
(Chapter 10: “Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case”)
Analysis: Jekyll’s gradual loss of control over his “better self” illustrates the danger of indulging one’s darker impulses. The quote reflects the novel’s warning about the consequences of ignoring moral duality.
“I stood committed to a profound duplicity of life.”(Chapter 10: “Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case”)
Jekyll acknowledges living a double life, torn between his respectable public persona and his hidden, darker desires.
Duality: The phrase “profound duplicity” reflects the novel’s central theme of duality—the coexistence of good and evil within a single individual.
Reputation quotes
“No gentleman but wishes to avoid a scene.”
(Chapter 2: “Search for Mr. Hyde”)
Analysis: This quote highlights the Victorian desire to avoid public embarrassment or scandal at all costs. Reputation is prioritized over addressing moral or ethical issues.
- “If it came to a trial, your name might appear.”
(Chapter 5: “Incident of the Letter”)
Analysis: Utterson warns Jekyll about the potential damage to his reputation if his connection to Hyde were exposed. This reflects the fear of scandal and the lengths to which individuals would go to protect their public image.
- “I cannot say that I care what becomes of Hyde; I am quite done with him. I was thinking of my own character, which this hateful business has rather exposed.”
(Chapter 5: “Incident of the Letter”)
Analysis: Jekyll’s concern for his “own character” over Hyde’s fate shows his prioritization of reputation over morality. He is more worried about his public image than the consequences of his actions.
- “O my poor old Harry Jekyll, if ever I read Satan’s signature upon a face, it is on that of your new friend.”
(Chapter 2: “Search for Mr. Hyde”)
Analysis: Lanyon’s horror at Hyde’s appearance reflects the Victorian belief that outward appearance reflects inner character. Hyde’s repulsiveness threatens Jekyll’s reputation by association.
- “He was wild when he was young; a long while ago, to be sure; but in the law of God, there is no statute of limitations.”
(Chapter 1: “Story of the Door”)
Analysis: Utterson’s concern about Jekyll’s past indiscretions reflects the Victorian fear that past actions could resurface and ruin one’s reputation, even years later.
- “I am painfully situated, Utterson; my position is a very strange—a very strange one. It is one of those affairs that cannot be mended by talking.”
(Chapter 5: “Incident of the Letter”)
Analysis: Jekyll’s reluctance to explain his situation stems from his fear of damaging his reputation. His secrecy highlights the Victorian tendency to prioritize appearances over honesty.
Appearance quotes
“He is not easy to describe. There is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable.”
(Chapter 1: “Story of the Door”)
Analysis: Hyde’s repulsive appearance reflects his inner evil, but it also contrasts with Jekyll’s respectable exterior. This quote highlights the disconnect between outward appearance and inner reality.
“All human beings, as we meet them, are commingled out of good and evil: and Edward Hyde, alone in the ranks of mankind, was pure evil.”
(Chapter 10: “Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case”)
Analysis: While most people appear to be a mix of good and evil, Hyde’s pure evil nature is an exception. This quote underscores the complexity of human nature and the danger of judging based on appearances.
- “The moment I choose, I can be rid of Mr. Hyde.”
(Chapter 3: “Dr. Jekyll Was Quite at Ease”)
Analysis: Jekyll’s confident assertion hides the reality of his growing loss of control over Hyde. His outward calm masks the inner turmoil and moral decay caused by his experiments.
- “O my poor old Harry Jekyll, if ever I read Satan’s signature upon a face, it is on that of your new friend.”
(Chapter 2: “Search for Mr. Hyde”)
Analysis: Lanyon’s description of Hyde’s appearance as “Satan’s signature” suggests that Hyde’s evil is visibly apparent. However, Jekyll’s respectable appearance hides the same darkness within him.
“the more it looks like Queer Street, the less I ask.”-Utterson
can be interpreted as reflecting the repression of homosexuality and other taboo desires in Victorian society. Utterson’s reluctance to investigate or ask questions mirrors the societal tendency to suppress uncomfortable truths and prioritize respectability over honesty. Through this quote and the novel’s broader themes, Stevenson critiques the dangers of repression and the human cost of denying one’s true self. Whether or not Stevenson intended these themes, the novel’s focus on secrecy and hidden identities invites readers to consider the broader implications of societal norms and the struggles of those forced to live in the shadows.
“God bless me, the man seemed hardly human! Something troglodytic, shall we say?”
reflects the novel’s engagement with Victorian scientific theories, particularly evolution and degeneration. Hyde’s primitive, inhuman appearance symbolizes the darker, more animalistic aspects of human nature and serves as a warning about the consequences of indulging one’s darker impulses. Through this description, Stevenson critiques Victorian society’s emphasis on respectability and the repression of natural instincts, while also exploring the duality of human nature
“I wish to see or hear no more of Dr. Jekyll,” he said in a loud, unsteady voice. “I am quite done with that person; and I beg that you will spare me any allusion to one whom I regard as dead.”-Lanyon
Analysis: This quote shows Lanyon’s complete rejection of Jekyll after witnessing Hyde’s transformation. His refusal to associate with Jekyll reflects his horror at the unnatural and immoral nature of Jekyll’s experiments.
Stevenson’s purpose of writing the novel:
Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a complex and multi-layered work with several key purposes. Stevenson wrote the novel not only to entertain but also to explore profound philosophical, psychological, and social themes. Below are the main purposes behind Stevenson’s writing of Jekyll and Hyde:
- Exploration of Human Duality
Purpose: Stevenson sought to explore the dual nature of humanity—the coexistence of good and evil within every individual. The novel delves into the idea that every person has a hidden, darker side that society often forces them to suppress.
Example: Jekyll’s experiments to separate his good and evil selves reflect this theme, as does Hyde’s embodiment of Jekyll’s repressed desires.
- Critique of Victorian Society
Purpose: The novel critiques the hypocrisy and repression of Victorian society, which prioritized outward respectability while ignoring or suppressing darker impulses. Stevenson highlights the dangers of living a double life and the consequences of denying one’s true nature.
Example: Jekyll’s respectable public persona contrasts sharply with his hidden life as Hyde, symbolizing the societal pressure to maintain appearances at all costs.
- Warning About Scientific Ambition
Purpose: Stevenson warns against the dangers of unchecked scientific ambition and the ethical implications of tampering with nature. Jekyll’s experiments serve as a cautionary tale about the limits of human knowledge and the potential consequences of overreaching.
Example: Jekyll’s transformation into Hyde and his eventual downfall illustrate the dangers of playing God and ignoring moral boundaries.
- Psychological Insight
Purpose: The novel provides a psychological exploration of the human mind, particularly the effects of repression and the struggle between moral responsibility and primal desires. Stevenson delves into the complexities of identity and the consequences of denying part of oneself.
Example: Jekyll’s internal conflict and his gradual loss of control over Hyde reflect the psychological toll of repression and the fragmentation of the self.
- Moral and Ethical Commentary
Purpose: Stevenson uses the novel to comment on moral and ethical issues, such as the nature of evil, the importance of accountability, and the consequences of indulging one’s darker impulses. The novel raises questions about the nature of morality and the limits of human understanding.
Example: Hyde’s actions and Jekyll’s inability to control him highlight the dangers of ignoring moral responsibility and the consequences of unchecked desire.
- Entertainment and Gothic Horror
Purpose: As a work of Gothic fiction, Jekyll and Hyde is designed to entertain and thrill readers with its elements of mystery, suspense, and horror. Stevenson uses vivid imagery, dramatic tension, and shocking revelations to captivate his audience.
Example: The novel’s dark atmosphere, mysterious plot, and shocking twists (such as the revelation of Jekyll’s dual identity) are key elements of its appeal.
- Reflection of Personal Struggles
Purpose: Stevenson’s own struggles with illness, morality, and identity may have influenced the novel’s themes. Some scholars suggest that Jekyll’s dual nature reflects Stevenson’s own experiences with his public persona versus his private struggles.
Example: Stevenson’s frequent illnesses and his use of drugs (such as opium) may have informed his exploration of the duality of human nature and the consequences of indulgence.
- Social Commentary on Class and Respectability
Purpose: The novel critiques the Victorian emphasis on class and respectability, showing how societal expectations can lead to hypocrisy and moral decay. Stevenson highlights the dangers of prioritizing appearances over honesty and integrity.
Example: Jekyll’s respectable position in society contrasts with his hidden life as Hyde, illustrating the tension between public image and private reality.
