An inspector calls Flashcards
Class(Theme)
Before World War Two, Britain was divided by class. Two such classes were the wealthy land and factory owners and the poor workers. The war helped bring these two classes closer together and rationing meant that people of all classes were eating and even dressing the same. The war effort also meant that people from all classes were mixing together. This was certainly not the case before.
Priestley wanted to highlight that inequality between the classes still existed and that the upper-classes looked down upon the working-class in post-war Britain.
Gender(theme)
An Inspector Calls was written after World War Two. As many British men went away to fight during the war, their positions in work had to be filled by women. This helped change existing perceptions. Men had to acknowledge the fact that women were just as capable as them. As a result of this, many women enjoyed a newfound freedom that working and earning money allowed them.
Not all men saw this change in attitude as a good thing and stayed stuck in the past. Priestley explores the impact of these new gender roles through the independence of Eva Smith and the sexist attitudes of Mr Birling.
In An Inspector Calls Priestley explores the theme of gender through:
how Mr Birling and Gerald Croft view women
how Mrs Birling treats Eva Smith
how Eva Smith is portrayed as independent and outspoken before her death
Age(Theme)
Age is an important theme in An Inspector Calls. Priestley uses it to show how he believed that there was hope in the younger generation’s ability to learn and change.
The older characters’ opinions and behaviours are stubbornly fixed. Mr Birling refuses to learn and Mrs Birling cannot see the obvious about herself and her children. Eric and Sheila however are younger - they accept their mistakes and offer the chance for a brighter future.
In An Inspector Calls, Priestley explores the theme of age through:
Sheila and Eric’s response to Eva’s death
Mr and Mrs Birling’s response to Eva’s death
how the older characters perceive the younger ones
Social Responsibility(Theme)
An Inspector Calls was first performed in the UK just after the end of World War Two, in 1946. It was a time of great change in Britain and many writers were concerned with the welfare of the poor. At that time there was no assistance for people who could not afford to look after themselves. Priestley wanted to address this issue. He also felt that if people were more considerate of one another, it would improve quality of life for all. This is why social responsibility is a key theme of the play. Priestley wanted his audience to be responsible for their own behaviour and responsible for the welfare of others.
In An Inspector Calls, Priestley explores social responsibility through:
the treatment of Eva Smith
how each character does or doesn’t take responsibility for their behaviour
the Inspector’s lessons
3 genres of AIC
well-made play
morality play
crime thriller
Explanation of the 3 genres of AIC
A well-made play is a popular dramatic genre from the 19th-century. In a well-made play the plot is intricate and complex and the action builds to a
climax
. This is often concerned with events that happened before the events of the play. A well-made play usually ends with a return to order but Priestley moves away from this genre with the revelation at the end.
An Inspector Calls is a well-made play because the events are all influenced by what happened to Eva Smith before the play takes place
What is the effect of this?
This structure allows J B Priestley to manipulate the audience. They do not know what happened to Eva Smith and so each revelation about her treatment by the Birlings and Gerald Croft adds to the drama. Each revelation is more shocking than the last and so Priestley cleverly builds to the climax. In An Inspector Calls there is a twist at the end of the plot - the characters are unsure if the Inspector existed at all. This gives the audience time to reflect on the events of the play. When it is revealed that another inspector is on their way and the curtain falls, the audience would be stunned.
Morality play
Morality plays were popular during the 15th and 16th-centuries. Historically they sought to teach the audience lessons that focused on the seven deadly sins: lust, gluttony, greed, sloth, wrath, envy and pride. Whilst characters who committed these sins were punished, morality plays showed that if a character repented then they could redeem themselves.
An Inspector Calls is a morality play because all of the Birlings and Gerald Croft commit crimes which are similar to the seven deadly sins. Mr Birling is greedy because he wants more money, Sheila is guilty of wrath and envy when she spitefully complains about Eva Smith and so on. Not all of the characters manage to redeem themselves.
What is the effect of this?
Priestley uses the morality play structure to teach a 20th-century audience a series of lessons that relate to his beliefs about social responsibility, age, gender and class. The audience is invited to enjoy judging these characters - they are also forced to question their own behaviour. Priestley would have hoped that people watching the play would have left the theatre as better people.
Crime thriller
A crime thriller is a genre that tells a gripping tale based around a crime. The audience receives clues on who has committed the crime and will enjoy trying to guess what happened before the end of the action.
An Inspector Calls is a crime thriller because the action centres around the suicide of Eva Smith. Initially, as this is a suicide and not a murder investigation, it would seem that there is no clear suspect. It soon turns out that all the characters are potential suspects for different reasons.
What is the effect of this?
The crime thriller genre encourages the audience to become involved in the events of the play. In this case they would be considering who is ‘more’ to blame for the death of Eva Smith. Ultimately, Priestley makes the audience suspects, their behaviour is questioned and they are left wondering if they had committed any ‘crimes’ like the Birlings had.
Thesis Statement
J.B. Priestley’s An Inspector Calls delivers a compelling social critique, exploring themes of social responsibility, class inequality, moral accountability, and the patriarchy. Through four key perspectives—the Inspector as Priestley’s voice advocating for collective responsibility, the generational divide exposing conflicting attitudes toward change, the destructive consequences of capitalism, and the patriarchal dominance that perpetuates gender inequality—Priestley challenges his audience to confront societal injustices and embrace the need for a more equitable, compassionate, and inclusive future.
“if men will not learn that lesson, they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish,”-Inspector
The quote “If men will not learn that lesson, they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish” from the Inspector in An Inspector Calls serves as a warning about the consequences of ignoring social responsibility. The fire, blood, and anguish symbolize the destruction, suffering, and pain that result from inequality and injustice. This line criticizes the upper classes’ failure to acknowledge their role in societal problems, urging the need for greater empathy and moral awareness. Set in the aftermath of World War I, it reflects Priestley’s critique of capitalist attitudes and serves as a warning that without change, history will repeat itself in the form of future wars and suffering.
How is AIC anti war?
The Inspector’s Warning: The Inspector’s closing speech is one of the most direct anti-war messages in the play. He warns that if humanity does not learn to take responsibility for one another, it will be taught in “fire and blood and anguish.” This phrase is a clear reference to the horrors of war, including the World Wars that Priestley’s audience had just experienced. It underscores the idea that selfishness and disregard for others’ welfare lead to catastrophic consequences, including armed conflict.
Criticism of Individualism and Greed: The play critiques the capitalist mindset embodied by Mr. Birling, who dismisses the idea of community and predicts in Act One that there will be no war—a statement the audience knows is historically false. By showing Birling’s arrogance and ignorance, Priestley links selfishness and a lack of social awareness to the conditions that make war inevitable.
Promoting Social Responsibility as a Means to Prevent War: Through the Inspector and the younger generation (Sheila and Eric), Priestley advocates for a society based on collective responsibility and empathy. He suggests that caring for one another, regardless of class, can prevent the divisions and inequalities that often lead to large-scale conflict.
Which audience does AIC appeal to?
Young, labour voting women in 1945.
Maybe some christians, making them show socialism is related to christianity.
What word should i use in my essays?
Suggests,implies
“Millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths”-Inspector
The phrase “millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths” spoken by the Inspector highlights the widespread nature of social inequality and exploitation. By linking Eva Smith to the common name “John Smith,” the Inspector suggests that the struggles of the working class are not isolated but affect millions of people. This emphasizes the need for social responsibility and stresses the interconnectedness of human lives. The phrase critiques a society that disregards the suffering of the poor and highlights the exploitation inherent in capitalism, urging for a shift towards greater empathy and social change.
“We are members of one body”-Inspector
The phrase “We are members of one body” spoken by the Inspector in An Inspector Calls highlights the interconnectedness of all people in society. It suggests that every individual, regardless of class, is part of a larger social structure and has a responsibility to one another. This idea of social unity contrasts with the selfish attitudes of the Birlings, who view themselves as separate from the struggles of others. The Inspector’s words emphasize the theme of social responsibility, urging that the well-being of one affects the well-being of all. The line critiques the individualistic mindset of the upper classes, calling for collective care and moral accountability in society.
“After all, y’know, we’re respectable citizens and not criminals.”
The quote “After all, y’know, we’re respectable citizens and not criminals” is spoken by Gerald Croft, not Mr. Birling, in An Inspector Calls. This line reveals Gerald’s belief in the inherent respectability of the upper class and their right to avoid scrutiny, despite their actions. His assertion emphasizes a sense of social privilege and moral superiority, suggesting that wealth and status alone protect one from being considered immoral or criminal. The quote reflects the theme of class in the play, highlighting how the privileged often feel exempt from the consequences of their actions. Gerald’s words show his self-delusion, as he overlooks the harm he has caused to Eva Smith and others, focusing only on maintaining his respectable image in society.
“but you can’t. It’s too late. She’s dead”
The line “But you can’t. It’s too late. She’s dead.” is spoken by the Inspector in An Inspector Calls in response to the Birlings’ attempts to shift blame or justify their actions. The Inspector’s words are blunt and final, emphasizing the irreversible nature of Eva Smith’s death and the consequences of their behavior. It highlights the theme of accountability, stressing that no amount of denial or excuse can undo the harm caused. The Inspector’s statement serves as a moral reminder that actions have real, lasting effects, and that social responsibility cannot be ignored or delayed. His assertion also confronts the characters’ self-delusion, forcing them to face the truth of their involvement in Eva’s death, regardless of their social status or intentions.
“Is that when the Inspector came, just after father had said that?”
The line “Is that when the Inspector came, just after father had said that?” spoken by Sheila Birling highlights how the Inspector serves as a construct that directly challenges and dismantles the Birlings’ idealistic worldview. Sheila’s question reveals her dawning realization that the Inspector’s arrival is no coincidence; his questioning of the family follows directly after Mr. Birling’s attempt to reassure everyone that they are beyond reproach. This timing emphasizes the Inspector’s role as a force of moral reckoning, designed to expose the hypocrisy and denial of the Birlings, particularly their belief in their own moral superiority and social respectability.
“You’re not even sorry now… who is to blame then?”-Inspector
The line “You’re not even sorry now… who is to blame then?” spoken by the Inspector in An Inspector Calls serves as a rhetorical question to the Birlings’ lack of accountability and moral awareness. The Inspector’s words confront the family’s refusal to acknowledge their responsibility for Eva Smith’s death. By pointing out that they are not even expressing genuine remorse, he forces them to face the reality of their actions and their failure to learn from the situation.
“Unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable”-Birling
The quote “Unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable” is spoken by Mr. Birling in An Inspector Calls while discussing the Titanic, which he believes is a symbol of human progress and invincibility. His confident declaration represents his hubris and belief in the superiority of both his personal success and the social order he champions. The phrase highlights Birling’s blind optimism and faith in technological and societal advancement, as he dismisses any potential for disaster. This statement is dramatically ironic because, in 1912, when the play is set, the Titanic had famously sunk, disproving Birling’s claim.
“A man has to make his own way — has to look after himself…“-Birling
Reflects his individualistic and capitalist values. Birling believes in the idea of self-reliance, where personal success is solely the result of one’s own efforts, and that individuals should not rely on others. The statement reveals his lack of empathy for others, especially the working class, as he dismisses any need for social responsibility or collective care. Birling’s words highlight his selfishness and moral blindness, reflecting the capitalist ideals of the time.
Technique: Short, commanding sentences an example of imperative laguage reflect his capitalist views.
“pretty and a good sport”-Eric
His casual and superficial description of her reflects his objectification and disrespect towards her. By focusing on her appearance and how she “played along” with his advances, Eric shows a lack of empathy and understanding of her humanity. The phrase reveals the patriarchal attitudes of the time, where women were often valued based on their looks and their ability to please men. It also highlights Eric’s moral irresponsibility and naivety, as he fails to see the consequences of his actions or consider Eva’s feelings, viewing her more as an object of desire than a person with her own rights and struggles.
“Girls of that class”-Mrs Birling
The quote “Girls of that class” is spoken by Mrs. Birling in An Inspector Calls when referring to Eva Smith. The phrase reveals Mrs. Birling’s snobbery and prejudiced views about the working class, showing how she dehumanizes people like Eva by defining them solely by their social status. Mrs. Birling’s use of “that class” emphasizes her sense of superiority and detachment from those she considers beneath her. It reflects the class divisions of the time and the disregard for the struggles of the poor.
“You’re not the kind of father a chap could go to when he’s in trouble.”-Eric
The quote “You’re not the kind of father a chap could go to when he’s in trouble.” is spoken by Eric Birling to his father, Mr. Birling, in An Inspector Calls. This line reveals Eric’s sense of alienation and disappointment in his father, highlighting the lack of emotional connection and support in their relationship. Eric feels that his father, who embodies the values of self-reliance and individualism, is unapproachable and incapable of offering guidance or understanding when it is needed most. This moment exposes the generational divide between the older and younger Birlings, with Eric rejecting the cold, capitalist attitudes of his father.
“The money’s not the important thing. It’s what happened to the girl and what we all did to her that matters.”-Eric
The quote “The money’s not the important thing. It’s what happened to the girl and what we all did to her that matters.” is spoken by Eric Birling in An Inspector Calls and reflects his growing moral awareness. Unlike his parents, who are focused on protecting their wealth and social standing, Eric recognizes that the real issue is not about financial compensation but the harm caused to Eva Smith and the responsibility each of them holds in her tragic fate. This statement highlights Eric’s rejection of capitalist values, which prioritize wealth over human dignity, and underscores the theme of social responsibility. Eric’s shift in perspective contrasts with his parents’ selfishness, emphasizing the play’s moral message about the need for compassion, accountability, and a greater sense of collective duty toward others. His words reflect a growing awareness of the interconnectedness of society, in stark opposition to the individualistic attitudes of the older generation.
“in that state when a chap easily turns nasty”-Eric
The quote “in that state when a chap easily turns nasty” is spoken by Eric Birling in An Inspector Calls, referring to his behaviour towards Eva Smith after drinking excessively. The phrase reveals Eric’s self-awareness and his recognition of how his actions can be influenced by alcohol, leading him to behave in a coarse and aggressive manner. His use of the term “nasty” highlights the disrespect and lack of control he exhibits when under the influence, suggesting that his true character can be revealed in moments of weakness. The quote also reflects the theme of irresponsibility.
“But these girls aren’t cheap labour - they’re people.”-Sheila
The quote “But these girls aren’t cheap labour - they’re people.” is spoken by Sheila Birling in An Inspector Calls and marks a significant shift in her character’s understanding of social responsibility. Sheila’s words challenge the dehumanising attitude toward the working class, exemplified by her father’s view of people like Eva Smith as mere commodities to be exploited for profit. By saying they are “people,” Sheila acknowledges their humanity and dignity, emphasizing that they should not be treated as disposable. This reflects the play’s critique of capitalist exploitation and the class system, where the wealthy often view the working class as tools for their own gain. Sheila’s statement also demonstrates her growing moral awareness, as she begins to reject her family’s attitude and recognize the importance of empathy and social justice. It highlights the theme of social responsibility, showing Sheila’s evolving understanding of her role in a wider, more interconnected society.
Plot:
Act 1: The play begins with the Birling family celebrating the engagement of Sheila Birling and Gerald Croft. The family is wealthy and respects traditional social structures. As they celebrate, Inspector Goole arrives unexpectedly and begins questioning the family about their involvement with a young woman named Eva Smith, who recently committed suicide. The Inspector reveals that each member of the family has played a part in Eva’s downfall, starting with Mr. Birling, who had fired her from his factory for protesting for better wages. The family begins to realize they are connected to the tragedy, but they are still defensive and dismissive.
Act 2: The Inspector continues his interrogation, turning to Sheila, who reveals that she had Eva dismissed from a shop out of jealousy. Sheila starts to show remorse for her actions, while the others remain indifferent. The Inspector then questions Gerald Croft, who admits to having had an affair with Eva and helping her financially during a difficult period. Gerald tries to justify his actions, but the Inspector highlights how his involvement still contributed to Eva’s suffering. As tensions rise, Sheila begins to understand the importance of personal responsibility.
Act 3: In the final act, the Inspector pushes each member of the family to confront their role in Eva’s death. Mrs. Birling stubbornly denies any wrongdoing, claiming that Eva’s actions were her own fault. She reveals that she had rejected Eva’s request for help at a charity she runs, not knowing that she was the same girl who had approached her. Finally, Eric Birling confesses that he had gotten Eva pregnant and had stolen money to support her, but felt guilty and trapped by his actions. After the Inspector leaves, the Birlings learn that no Inspector was actually sent by the police, leading them to question whether he was real. They discuss how they’ve been manipulated into feeling guilty. However, the final phone call reveals that a young woman has just died after swallowing disinfectant, suggesting that the moral lesson about social responsibility has not been learned.
“I can’t help thinking about this girl – destroying herself so horribly.”-Sheila
This quote shows Sheila’s empathy and the deep emotional impact of Eva’s death on her. Unlike her parents, who are more focused on their social standing, Sheila is profoundly moved by the tragic consequences of their actions. It reflects her growing understanding of the moral and social implications of her family’s treatment of those less privileged.
Sheila character analysis:
Sheila Birling undergoes significant character development in An Inspector Calls, which highlights her transformation from a naïve, privileged young woman to one who accepts responsibility for her actions and challenges the rigid societal values imposed by her upper-class upbringing. At the beginning of the play, Sheila is portrayed as self-absorbed and superficial, concerned mainly with materialistic pursuits like her engagement to Gerald Croft. However, the arrival of Inspector Goole forces her to confront her role in the life and death of Eva Smith, a working-class girl.
Through her moral awakening, Sheila becomes aware of the way her family’s actions have contributed to the exploitation and mistreatment of the less privileged. Her realisation that Eva was not just a “girl” but a human being with feelings marks her growing empathy and challenge to the social hierarchies she was raised to accept. Sheila’s response to the Inspector’s questioning reveals her awareness of social injustice, as she is the first in the family to fully accept responsibility for her actions, in contrast to her father and mother who refuse to change.
Sheila’s maturity and self-awareness develop as she begins to see the world from a broader perspective, rejecting her father’s capitalist ideology and her mother’s cold, aristocratic views. This shift in Sheila’s character links to the play’s themes of social responsibility and class inequality, as she evolves into a voice of moral reasoning amidst a family of moral blindness. Sheila’s character can also be linked to the theme of gender, as she is subject to the social expectations of women during the period, where young women of the upper class were often confined to roles of marriage and appearance. Sheila, however, challenges these norms by becoming more than just a passive figure in her relationship and begins to reject the traditional gender roles assigned to her, especially when she asserts her independence in the final scenes.
Her transformation is also linked to age, as Sheila represents the younger generation that is more open to change and social justice, in contrast to the older, more conservative Birlings. Her openness to learning from the Inspector contrasts with the stubbornness of her parents, reinforcing the play’s critique of generational differences in attitudes toward morality and social responsibility.
5 Advanced Words to Describe Sheila:
Empathetic – Sheila grows in empathy, particularly for Eva Smith, recognizing her as a person with inherent dignity rather than an object.
Moralistic – Sheila adopts a moralistic outlook as she holds herself accountable for her role in Eva’s downfall and begins to recognize the importance of social responsibility.
Self-reflective – Throughout the play, Sheila becomes more self-reflective, acknowledging her mistakes and the way her actions have impacted others.
Enlightened – As the play progresses, Sheila becomes enlightened, moving from ignorance to a more mature understanding of social issues.
Progressive – Sheila becomes progressive in her views, challenging her family’s outdated attitudes and embracing ideas of equality and social justice.
Vocabulary Bank:
Imperious – Arrogantly domineering or overbearing.
Self-righteous – Having a strong belief that one’s own actions, opinions, or beliefs are morally superior.
Moralistic – Concerned with morality or the distinction between right and wrong.
Hypocrisy – The practice of claiming to have moral standards or beliefs to which one’s own behaviour does not conform.
Complacent – Showing smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one’s achievements.
Prejudiced – Having or displaying an unfair and unreasonable opinion or attitude, typically based on class or race.
Indignant – Feeling or showing anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment.
Intransigent – Unwilling to change one’s views or to agree about something.
Capitalist – Relating to an economic system where private owners control trade and industry for profit.
Naivety – Lack of experience, wisdom, or judgment.
Paternalism – The policy or practice of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of subordinates in their supposed best interest.
Supercilious – Behaving or looking as though one thinks one is superior to others.
Patriarchal – Relating to or denoting a system where men hold power and authority.
Sycophantic – Behaving in an excessively obedient or servile way to gain advantage.
Disdain – The feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one’s consideration or respect.
Sceptical – Not easily convinced; having doubts or reservations.
Socio-political – Relating to the combination of social and political factors.
Infallible – Incapable of making mistakes or being wrong.
Egoism – The habit of thinking only about one’s own interests.
Condemnation – The expression of very strong disapproval; the action of condemning someone to a punishment.
Bourgeois – Relating to or characteristic of the middle class, especially with reference to its perceived materialism or conventionality.
Exploitation – The action or fact of treating someone unfairly to benefit from their work or labour.
Subjugation – The action of bringing someone or something under domination or control.
Dehumanization – The process of depriving a person or group of positive human qualities.
Morality – Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behaviour.
Imperious – Arrogant and domineering, often describing Mr. Birling’s attitude.
Intransigent – Unwilling to change one’s views or opinions; used to describe Mrs. Birling’s stubbornness.
Didactic – Intended to teach or instruct; the play can be seen as didactic in its moral lesson.
Callous – Emotionally insensitive or showing a lack of empathy, as seen in several characters, especially Mr. Birling.
Condescending – Showing superiority or patronizing attitude, particularly used to describe how characters like Mrs. Birling and Gerald treat others.
Subversive – Intended to undermine or overthrow, particularly the Inspector’s role in challenging societal norms.
Moralistic – Characterized by a strong focus on moral lessons; the Inspector embodies this theme.
Exploitation – Taking advantage of someone for personal gain, a central theme of the play with Eva Smith.
Socialistic – Relating to or supporting the idea of social equality; used to describe the Inspector’s views.
Divisive – Tending to cause disagreement or hostility between people, which is seen throughout the play as the Birlings’ and Inspector’s values clash.
Revelatory – Providing new and significant insights, like the Inspector’s revelations about the family’s actions.
Obfuscate – To deliberately make something unclear or difficult to understand, often used to describe how characters like Gerald or Mr. Birling try to avoid the truth.
Infallible – Incapable of making mistakes or being wrong, a word to describe Mr. Birling’s misguided confidence in his own judgment.
Introspection – The examination of one’s own thoughts and feelings, especially seen in characters like Sheila who engage in self-reflection.
Ironic – When the opposite of what is expected happens, used frequently throughout the play to highlight the contrast between characters’ beliefs and reality.
Disillusioned – Feeling disappointed or betrayed, as characters like Sheila become disillusioned with their family’s actions.
Tragic – Involving great sorrow or suffering, describing the fate of Eva Smith and the consequences of the characters’ actions.
Paternalistic – Treating others in a fatherly or controlling way, especially in how Mr. Birling tries to manage situations.
Dichotomy – A division or contrast between two things that are represented as being entirely different, such as the contrast between the working class (Eva) and the Birling family.
Gerald Character Analysis
Gerald Croft is an important character in An Inspector Calls, representing the complacency and self-interest of the upper class, as well as the hypocrisy within the capitalist system. At the start of the play, Gerald appears to be a respectable, well-mannered young man who is engaged to Sheila Birling, symbolizing the unity between the Birling and Croft families. He is somewhat aware of the issues surrounding class inequality but does not deeply challenge the status quo. His character arc is most significantly defined by his relationship with Eva Smith (known as Daisy Renton), which he tries to justify and hide from the Birlings.
Gerald’s affair with Eva is revealed to have been based on a mixture of self-interest and charity, as he provided her with money and shelter during a difficult period in her life. However, despite his seemingly noble actions, Gerald does not fully understand the implications of his relationship with Eva. He treats her as a means to an end, offering her temporary kindness while still holding onto his classist view of her as an inferior, lower-class woman. Gerald’s role in the play highlights the theme of exploitation within the class system, where the wealthy can manipulate and discard the poor without consequences.
When the Inspector exposes the true extent of his role in Eva’s downfall, Gerald is more focused on damage control than accepting responsibility. He tries to dismiss the Inspector’s message as a mere hoax, reflecting his privilege and unwillingness to confront his moral failings. Gerald’s reaction to the events can be seen as indicative of the broader societal attitude of denial and moral evasion common in the upper class, especially when their own actions are questioned.
In the end, despite some moments of guilt and regret, Gerald ultimately returns to his comfortable life, reinforcing the idea that the upper class is impervious to the consequences of their actions, especially when they can distance themselves from the problems of the working class. His character ultimately contrasts with Sheila’s moral growth, as he is unable to fully embrace the lessons of the Inspector, representing the stubbornness of the older, more self-serving generation.
5 Advanced Words to Describe Gerald:
Complacent – Gerald is complacent in his privileged position and does not seek to challenge the systems that benefit him.
Pragmatic – While Gerald tries to justify his actions by focusing on practicalities, his pragmatism comes across as self-serving, as he rationalizes his affair with Eva without reflecting on its moral implications.
Ambivalent – Gerald displays ambivalence towards his role in Eva’s downfall, feeling guilty but also attempting to distance himself from full responsibility.
Condescending – His attitude towards Eva reflects a condescending view of the working class, seeing them as beneath him and needing his charitable help.
Defensive – When confronted by the Inspector, Gerald becomes defensive, denying the severity of his actions and attempting to shift blame or explain them away, refusing to acknowledge the full extent of his moral failures.
Birling character analysis:
Arthur Birling is a key character in An Inspector Calls, and his character is emblematic of the self-serving and capitalist values that Priestley critiques throughout the play. As the head of the Birling family, Birling represents the older generation that is steadfast in maintaining the status quo and resisting change. He is a prosperous businessman who holds conservative views on class, gender, and social responsibility, which are central to the play’s themes of inequality, generational conflict, and moral hypocrisy.
Birling’s belief in individualism and his views on self-sufficiency shape his attitude toward the less privileged. He espouses the idea that people should “look after themselves” and rejects the notion of collective social responsibility. This attitude aligns with his capitalist mindset, where the rich are seen as deserving of their wealth, and the poor are blamed for their own plight. His views reflect the class divide that dominates the social fabric of the time. Birling’s refusal to take responsibility for his role in Eva Smith’s downfall further exposes his moral ignorance, as he consistently deflects blame and tries to distance himself from the working-class struggles.
In terms of gender, Birling upholds the traditional patriarchal values of the time, with men expected to assert control over both business and family life. His relationship with his wife, Sybil, is largely one of dominance, and he tries to control his children, especially Sheila, dictating their roles and actions. Birling’s treatment of women reflects the gender inequality that was prevalent in Edwardian society, where women were expected to adhere to social norms of submissiveness and dependency on men.
Regarding age, Birling’s character represents the older generation’s resistance to change. He dismisses the warnings of the Inspector and arrogantly believes that the world will continue to operate as it always has. This stubbornness highlights the theme of generational conflict, as Birling is unwilling to accept the progressive views held by the younger generation, particularly Sheila and Eric, who challenge his beliefs. Birling’s confidence in his own views and his dismissal of the younger generation’s potential for change reflects the generational divide that Priestley critiques in the play.
5 Advanced Words to Describe Birling:
Complacent – Birling’s complacency in his position of power prevents him from recognizing social injustices and the consequences of his actions.
Patriarchal – Birling represents a patriarchal figure, asserting control over his family and adhering to traditional gender roles of male dominance.
Arrogant – His arrogance is evident in his belief that he knows best and his dismissive attitude toward the Inspector’s moral lessons and warnings.
Self-important – Birling has a self-important attitude, believing his wealth and status give him superiority over others and entitle him to avoid scrutiny.
Conservative – Birling’s conservative values are centered on maintaining the existing social hierarchy and resisting any form of progressive change or social responsibility.
Eric Character Analysis:
Eric Birling is one of the more complex characters in An Inspector Calls. Initially introduced as awkward and somewhat detached, Eric gradually reveals his deep moral flaws and the personal turmoil beneath his outwardly respectful demeanor. Eric’s character arc is central to the play’s exploration of guilt, responsibility, and the social consequences of the upper class’s treatment of the working class.
At the start of the play, Eric is depicted as a typical member of the privileged young generation. However, as the Inspector reveals his involvement with Eva Smith (Daisy Renton), Eric’s internal conflict comes to light. He intimately exploits Eva under the guise of helping her, resulting in a pregnancy. This act, along with his theft of money from his father’s business to support her, reveals his recklessness and desperation. Eric’s actions highlight the theme of exploitation, showing how the working class is vulnerable to the whims and actions of the rich, and how privilege breeds a lack of responsibility.
Eric’s character also embodies the corruption and moral decay present within the upper class. His alcoholism and reckless behavior illustrate the emptiness of his privileged life, where he seeks escape in vice rather than facing his own personal or societal shortcomings. However, Eric shows the first signs of moral awakening when he begins to take responsibility for his actions, acknowledging his guilt in Eva’s tragic end. This marks a key difference between Eric and his father, Arthur Birling, who continues to deny any wrongdoing.
Despite his flaws, Eric represents the potential for change in the younger generation, especially compared to his stubborn, self-absorbed parents. He seems to be on a path toward self-reflection, possibly recognizing the deep inequalities and injustices in society. Eric’s willingness to admit his role in Eva’s downfall contrasts with his parents’ refusal to accept any responsibility, emphasizing the generational divide present in the play.
5 Advanced Words to Describe Eric:
Impulsive – Eric’s impulsiveness is evident in his hasty decisions, such as his reckless affair with Eva and his theft of money, without considering the consequences.
Reckless – His recklessness is shown in his inability to think through the consequences of his actions, leading to harm for both Eva and himself.
Contrite – By the end of the play, Eric shows a contrite attitude, expressing genuine regret for his actions, particularly towards Eva.
Disillusioned – Eric becomes disillusioned as he faces the reality of his family’s indifference to social responsibility and his own role in the destruction of a young woman’s life.
Vulnerable – While outwardly appearing to have everything, Eric’s vulnerability emerges as he confesses to his mistakes and shows his internal struggles with guilt.
Inspector Goole character analysis:
Inspector Goole is the central moral figure in An Inspector Calls, and his character embodies the theme of social responsibility that runs throughout the play. He acts as a catalyst for the Birlings’ self-examination and, by extension, critiques the societal structures of the time, particularly the upper class’s lack of moral accountability. The Inspector’s role in the play is to challenge the characters’ complacency and force them to confront the consequences of their actions on others, especially the less privileged.
The Inspector’s character is deliberately mysterious, with his enigmatic nature and commanding presence adding to the sense that he is not just an ordinary policeman, but perhaps a symbolic figure representing the collective conscience of society. He repeatedly stresses the idea that “we are all responsible for each other,” underscoring his commitment to social interconnectedness. His insistence on moral accountability and his belief in the importance of community starkly contrast with the Birlings’ individualistic and selfish attitudes.
The Inspector’s approach to the Birlings is calm but unyielding. He methodically reveals each character’s involvement in the tragic events leading to Eva Smith’s death, forcing them to recognize the intergenerational and class-based inequalities that shaped their behavior. Unlike Birling, who dismisses the idea of collective responsibility, the Inspector firmly believes that all people are responsible for one another, regardless of their social class or status. His speech at the end of the play, warning of the consequences of ignoring social responsibility, serves as a didactic moment, urging the audience to reflect on their own moral duties.
The Inspector’s moral authority and his role as an agent of justice serve as a critique of the moral decay within the upper class, highlighting the play’s central theme of moral awakening. His actions provoke both a philosophical and ethical reckoning, particularly in the younger generation, and his character ultimately serves as a vehicle for Priestley’s call for social reform.
5 Advanced Words to Describe the Inspector:
Didactic – The Inspector is didactic, offering moral lessons and guiding the Birlings toward self-awareness and moral accountability.
Enigmatic – His enigmatic nature and mysterious origins leave the audience uncertain about his true identity, enhancing his role as a symbol of conscience.
Unyielding – The Inspector remains unyielding in his pursuit of the truth, refusing to be swayed by the Birlings’ wealth or status.
Authoritative – The Inspector’s authoritative manner and confident demeanor position him as a moral figure with control over the events, steering the conversation toward responsibility.
Symbolic – The Inspector is a symbolic figure, representing societal conscience, social justice, and moral responsibility, contrasting with the Birlings’ selfishness and complacency.
Mrs Birling character analysis:
Sybil Birling is a key character in An Inspector Calls, embodying the entrenched attitudes of the older, privileged class in Edwardian society. She is a member of the upper class who holds strong, traditional views on gender and social hierarchy, reflecting the conservative and often prejudiced mindset that was prevalent at the time. As the head of the charitable women’s committee, Sybil’s character embodies a sense of self-importance and moral superiority, but this is undermined by her hypocrisy and her lack of empathy for those she deems beneath her.
Sybil’s views on class are deeply ingrained. She sees the working class as inferior and deserving of their poverty. This is evident when she refuses to help Eva Smith after being approached by her for charity, due to her belief that Eva was a member of the “wrong” social class. Her refusal to help, despite having the means and opportunity, highlights the class prejudice that permeates her worldview. She is dismissive and patronizing toward the lower class, reflecting the rigid class system that divided society at the time.
In terms of gender, Sybil represents the traditional role of women in upper-class society. As a woman of her time, she is expected to uphold social appearances and maintain the family’s reputation. She is authoritative within her domestic sphere, yet her actions are largely limited by her societal role. Her belief that women should be moral and respectable, without stepping outside their prescribed roles, mirrors the restricted lives that women, particularly from her class, were expected to lead. Sybil’s character highlights the gender inequalities of the period, where women were often relegated to the private sphere and had little agency outside of their roles as wives and mothers.
When the Inspector exposes her role in Eva’s downfall, Sybil’s defensiveness and refusal to accept responsibility underscore her inability to change her attitudes, even when faced with the consequences of her actions. She denies her involvement in Eva’s death, blaming the victim for her circumstances and dismissing any moral responsibility. This shows the play’s critique of moral rigidity and the unwillingness of the upper class to confront their own faults.
5 Advanced Words to Describe Sybil Birling:
Prejudiced – Sybil’s prejudiced views toward the working class reflect the deep societal divisions and class-based discrimination of the time.
Self-righteous – She is self-righteous in her belief that her actions and beliefs are morally superior, especially in her treatment of Eva Smith.
Patronizing – Sybil exhibits a patronizing attitude, particularly towards those of lower social standing, as she dismisses Eva’s needs as unworthy of her attention.
Defensive – When confronted by the Inspector, Sybil becomes defensive, rejecting any notion of guilt and refusing to acknowledge her responsibility for Eva’s fate.
Authoritative – Despite being constrained by the roles of women in her class, Sybil is authoritative within her family, often imposing her will on others, particularly her children.
Eva character analysis:
Eva Smith is the pivotal yet largely unseen character in An Inspector Calls. Though she is not physically present in the play, her tragic story and the impact of her life and death are central to the themes of social responsibility, class inequality, and the exploitation of the working class. Eva represents the victimization of the lower class, especially women, in a society that marginalizes and oppresses them. Her character serves as a symbol of the collective suffering of many working-class individuals whose lives are shaped by the decisions and actions of the more privileged.
Eva’s life was marked by hardship, and she faced exploitation from several characters in the play, each contributing to her eventual demise. Initially, she worked at Birling’s factory, where her activism for better wages led to her dismissal, an act that sets off the chain of events leading to her downfall. Later, she was sexually exploited by Gerald Croft and, ultimately, rejected by Sybil Birling when she sought help. These experiences illustrate the dehumanization of the working class and highlight the power dynamics in place where those from lower classes are often treated as disposable by the wealthy. Eva’s tragic story underscores the themes of moral responsibility, as the characters must reckon with their individual roles in her suffering and death.
In terms of gender, Eva is a representation of how women, especially of lower social standing, were vulnerable to exploitation. Her lack of power in society makes her an easy target for the selfishness of those in positions of authority. Despite being the catalyst for the events in the play, Eva’s character is never fully revealed, and we only know her through the eyes of those who victimized her. This reflects how women, especially working-class women, were often silenced and rendered invisible in a patriarchal society.
The social class divide is another significant aspect of Eva’s character. Her lower-class status is a direct cause of the exploitation and mistreatment she suffers. Through Eva’s story, Priestley critiques the stark inequalities between social classes and urges the audience to recognize their collective responsibility toward one another, particularly toward those less fortunate.
Resilient – Despite the numerous hardships she faces, Eva displays a strong sense of resilience in trying to survive and make a better life for herself.
Downtrodden – Eva is downtrodden, bearing the weight of societal and personal oppression, which ultimately leads to her tragic end.
Invisible – Throughout the play, Eva’s invisibility highlights the way the working class, particularly women, are often ignored and rendered faceless in society.
Unfortunate – Eva’s life is marked by unfortunate circumstances, where she repeatedly encounters misfortune due to the cruelty and indifference of those in power.
Defenceless – As a result of her class and gender, Eva is defenceless, unable to protect herself from the exploitation and mistreatment she endures from others.
“hard-headed practical man of business”-Mr Birling
The phrase “hard-headed practical man of business” is used by Mr. Birling to describe himself in An Inspector Calls. This self-description reveals several aspects of his character and links to themes of capitalism, individualism, and self-assurance. “Hard-headed”: This implies that Mr. Birling is pragmatic and unsentimental, approaching situations with logic and practicality rather than emotion. He prides himself on being rational and focused on material success, which aligns with his belief in personal responsibility and self-sufficiency. He sees himself as someone who can make tough decisions, often without regard for the moral or social consequences. “Practical”: Mr. Birling sees himself as someone who deals with real-world issues rather than abstract ideals. His focus is on tangible results and business outcomes, reflecting his materialistic worldview. This practicality is also tied to his belief in the capitalist system, where success is determined by one’s ability to make profitable decisions. “Man of business”: This phrase reflects Mr. Birling’s deep commitment to his professional and economic status. He views his identity and worth through the lens of his business achievements and his wealth. His attitude shows his belief that his success as a businessman entitles him to authority and respect, regardless of moral considerations or social responsibility.
“I’m very sorry. But I think she had only herself to blame.”-Mrs Birling
This quote illustrates Mrs. Birling’s lack of empathy and self-righteousness. She refuses to take any responsibility for Eva Smith’s fate, instead blaming the victim, which highlights her social class bias and her belief that the working class is responsible for their own suffering.
“Pink Intimate lighting” “Brighter and Harder”-Stage Directions
“Pink intimate lighting” suggests a softer, more romantic or private atmosphere, possibly indicating a time of comfort or a false sense of security, where characters like Gerald may feel they are in a space of control and innocence. The warmth and softness of pink lighting could symbolize a time before the Inspector’s arrival when the characters are unaware or dismissive of their actions’ consequences.” brighter and harder” represents a dramatic shift toward harsh reality. The lighting becoming brighter suggests clarity or truth becoming unavoidable, forcing the characters to confront their actions. The harder quality of the lighting can symbolize discomfort, as the illusions they’ve built up are now being shattered, revealing the severity of their mistakes. This change in lighting also aligns with the theme of social responsibility, where the characters are no longer shielded by their privilege and must face the truth of their actions.
“Everything’s all right now, Sheila.” -Gerald
It highlights Gerald’s desire to return to a state of normalcy and reassures Sheila that everything is fine again, despite the emotional and moral revelations they’ve just gone through. Gerald tries to downplay the significance of the events that have just transpired, particularly the tragic fate of Eva Smith. He assumes that now the Inspector is gone, everything will go back to how it was before—showing his reluctance to confront the deeper moral implications of his actions. Gerald’s response demonstrates his belief that the upper class can simply move past difficult situations with ease, returning to the comfort of their social status. It highlights the class divide in the play, where the wealthy are able to dismiss consequences while the working class (represented by Eva) suffers. Gerald’s reassurance to Sheila suggests a patriarchal attitude, where he believes it is his responsibility to protect her from the harsh truths. He assumes that by comforting Sheila, he can restore things to their previous, more controlled state, implying a certain gendered responsibility for managing and protecting women’s emotions and reputations.
Dramatic techniques->Dramatic Irony
Definition: When the audience knows something the characters do not, creating tension.
Mr. Birling’s arrogant speech about the future:
“The Germans don’t want war. Nobody wants war… I say there isn’t a chance of war.”
The audience (in 1945) knows World War I begins in 1914, making Birling look foolish.
Birling’s confidence in the Titanic:
“Unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable.”
The Titanic sank in 1912, highlighting Birling’s ignorance.
“Go and look for the father of the child. It’s his responsibility.”
Mrs Birling unknowingly demands her own son’s punishment, revealing her cruel ignorance.
Effect: The audience sees her as a villain, reinforcing Priestley’s socialist message that the upper class must change.
Dramatic techniques->The Inspector as a Dramatic Device
Definition: The Inspector controls the play’s structure and exposes the family’s secrets.
His commanding entrance:
“The lighting should be pink and intimate until the Inspector arrives, and then it should be brighter and harder.”
The sudden change in lighting signals his disruptive presence.
His final warning:
“If men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish.”
Foreshadows World War I and II, reinforcing Priestley’s socialist message.
Dramatic techniques:->Lighting
Priestley uses a change in lighting to show the change in atmosphere that the Inspector’s arrival brings: ‘The lighting should be pink and intimate until the INSPECTOR arrives, and then it should be brighter and harder.’
Dramatic techniques:-> Cliffhanger Ending
Definition: The unresolved conclusion leaves the audience questioning.
Final phone call:
“A police inspector is on his way here—to ask some questions—”
The cycle may repeat, suggesting they haven’t truly learned their lesson.
Dramatic techniques-> Doorbell
The sharp ring of the doorbell interrupts Birling’s speech about social responsibility. This forces the audience to make a connection between the Inspector’s arrival and Birling’s Capitalist ideology that promotes self-interest and believes that community is ‘nonsense’.
“I’ll never, never do it again”
Sheila’s desperate repetition of “never”—twice in quick succession—reveals her visceral guilt and psychological transformation, marking her as Priestley’s symbol of repentant youth. The exclamatory tone fractures her earlier privileged naivety (e.g., her petty jealousy that got Eva fired), while the temporal adverb “again” acknowledges her past cruelty as part of an ongoing moral reckoning. Unlike her parents’ static denial (“I accept no blame”), Sheila’s truncated, almost sobbing syntax mirrors Eva’s silenced suffering, forging an emotional connection the older Birlings refuse.
“You’re beginning to pretend now that nothing’s really happened!”-Eric
Eric’s quote, “You’re beginning to pretend now that nothing’s really happened at all,” encapsulates his moral awakening and Priestley’s critique of willful ignorance. The accusatory “you’re” isolates his parents, contrasting their denial with his acceptance of guilt, while “pretend” exposes their deliberate evasion of responsibility, and “really happened” underscores the inescapable reality of Eva’s suffering. Eric—a flawed, drunken character—ironically demonstrates greater honesty than his “respectable” parents. His outburst reveals Priestley’s critique of the older generation’s willful ignorance. The quote highlights the split between Sheila/Eric (who accept blame) and their parents (who “pretend”). Eric’s frustration mirrors Priestley’s frustration with 1912’s ruling class.
