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Question 1

How did Henry VII establish his claim to the throne after the Battle of Bosworth (1485)?

Answer 1

Henry VII claimed the throne through his victory at Bosworth, where he defeated Richard III. He reinforced his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, thus uniting the rival factions of York and Lancaster.

Question 2

What was the significance of Henry VII’s marriage to Elizabeth of York?

Answer 2

The marriage united the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions, symbolizing the end of the Wars of the Roses and strengthening Henry’s legitimacy as monarch, which helped stabilize his reign.

Question 3

What were the bonds and recognizances, and how did Henry VII use them?

Answer 3

Bonds and recognizances were legal agreements requiring the nobility to promise loyalty in exchange for financial guarantees. Henry used these mechanisms to control the nobles and prevent rebellion, ensuring their loyalty through financial pressure.

Question 4

Who were John Morton and Richard Fox, and what roles did they play in Henry VII’s government?

Answer 4

John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Richard Fox, Bishop of Exeter, were key advisors. They helped centralize power, manage royal finances, and enforce loyalty through the Council Learned in the Law.

Question 5

How did Henry VII deal with the nobility?

Answer 5

Henry VII carefully restricted the power of the nobility by controlling their finances through bonds and recognizances, weakening their independence, and emphasizing the role of the monarchy as the central authority in the kingdom.

Question 6

What was the role of the Council Learned in the Law in Henry VII’s government?

Answer 6

The Council Learned in the Law was responsible for managing royal finances and enforcing royal prerogative. Led by Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson, it was notorious for its harsh methods, extracting money from the nobility.

Question 7

How did Henry VII’s use of feudal dues strengthen the Crown’s finances?

Answer 7

Henry VII revived and expanded the collection of feudal dues, which were payments from landowners to the king for services such as wardship, marriage, and relief. This increased the monarchy’s income without resorting to heavy taxation.

Question 8

What was the Exchequer system, and how did Henry VII use it?

Answer 8

The Exchequer system was a traditional method of managing the king’s finances, which Henry VII maintained. It handled the Crown’s income from land and customs duties, although Henry often favored the Chamber system for greater control over royal revenue.

Question 9

How did Henry VII use marriage alliances in foreign policy?

Answer 9

Henry VII used marriage alliances to secure peace and strengthen England’s position. Notably, his daughter Margaret married James IV of Scotland, and his son Arthur was betrothed to Catherine of Aragon, linking England to Spain.

Question 10

What was the Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489)?

Answer 10

The Treaty of Medina del Campo was a treaty between England and Spain that secured the marriage of Prince Arthur to Catherine of Aragon. It also guaranteed mutual defense and trade cooperation, strengthening England’s position on the European stage.

Question 11

How did the Treaty of Picquigny (1475) benefit Henry VII?

Answer 11

The Treaty of Picquigny was a peace agreement between England and France, ensuring a steady pension from France to England, which provided financial security and allowed Henry to focus on domestic stability and trade.

Question 12

What was the significance of the Intercursus Magnus (1496)?

Answer 12

The Intercursus Magnus was a trade agreement between England and Burgundy that restored trade relations after the conflict over Perkin Warbeck. It significantly boosted English trade, particularly in wool exports.

Question 13

How did Henry VII handle the Yorkist pretenders, particularly Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck?

Answer 13

Henry VII dealt decisively with pretenders like Simnel and Warbeck. He defeated Simnel at the Battle of Stoke (1487) and eventually executed Warbeck after his failed attempts to gain support from European powers.

Question 14

What was the Battle of Stoke (1487), and why was it important?

Answer 14

The Battle of Stoke was the final battle of the Simnel Rebellion, in which Henry VII defeated the Yorkist pretender. The victory solidified his claim to the throne and ended major challenges from Yorkist factions.

Question 15

What was the Cornish Rebellion (1497) about, and how did Henry VII respond?

Answer 15

The Cornish Rebellion was caused by resentment over taxes to fund a war against Scotland. Henry VII suppressed the rebellion swiftly, demonstrating his ability to maintain order even in the face of widespread unrest.

Question 16

What was the significance of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1502) with Scotland?

Answer 16

The Treaty of Perpetual Peace secured peace between England and Scotland and arranged the marriage of James IV to Margaret Tudor, Henry VII’s daughter. It helped reduce the threat of war on England’s northern border.

Question 17

What were the privy chambers used for in Henry VII’s reign?

Answer 17

The Privy Chamber was a royal household department that allowed the king to manage his personal affairs and retain control over access to the monarch. It was a key institution for ensuring the security of Henry’s personal authority.

Question 18

How did Henry VII approach royal diplomacy?

Answer 18

Henry VII was a skilled diplomat who used marriage alliances, treaties, and careful negotiations to secure England’s position in Europe, avoiding costly wars and ensuring the survival of the Tudor dynasty.

Question 19

How did the death of Prince Arthur in 1502 affect the Tudor dynasty?

Answer 19

The death of Prince Arthur, Henry VII’s eldest son, forced the marriage of Catherine of Aragon to his second son, Henry VIII, ensuring the continued alliance with Spain but also setting the stage for later conflicts.

Question 20

What was the Act of Resumption (1486), and how did it help Henry VII?

Answer 20

The Act of Resumption allowed Henry VII to reclaim lands that had been granted away during Richard III’s reign. This increased royal revenue and reinforced the king’s authority by reasserting control over landholdings.

Question 21

How did Henry VII influence religion during his reign?

Answer 21

Henry VII maintained Catholicism as the official religion but started the trend of royal control over Church lands and finances, which later set the stage for the English Reformation under his son, Henry VIII.

Question 22

What role did the Church play in Henry VII’s government?

Answer 22

While Henry VII was devout, he increasingly limited the Church’s influence, especially regarding finances, and ensured that the monarchy controlled Church appointments and policies in England.

Question 23

How did Henry VII’s economic policy affect trade?

Answer 23

Henry VII worked to improve England’s trade by securing trade agreements like the Intercursus Magnus, which bolstered wool exports. He also promoted the growth of industries such as cloth production to boost the economy.

Question 24

How did Henry VII’s Council Learned in the Law operate?

Answer 24

The Council Learned in the Law was a body that dealt with the king’s finances, enforcing the collection of taxes, dues, and fines. Led by Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson, it became notorious for its harsh treatment of the nobility.

Question 25

What was the role of Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley in Henry VII's reign?

Answer 25

Empson and Dudley were key figures in enforcing Henry VII’s policies on royal finance. They used legal methods, such as bonds and recognizances, to extract money from the nobility and ensure their loyalty.

Question 26

How did Henry VII maintain control over the nobility?

Answer 26

By using bonds and recognizances, Henry VII ensured that nobles remained loyal to him. Failure to honor these agreements often led to financial penalties or imprisonment, effectively keeping the nobility in check.

Question 27

What was the Treaty of Windsor (1506), and what did it achieve?

Answer 27

The Treaty of Windsor was a diplomatic agreement between Henry VII and Philip of Burgundy. It ensured the recognition of Henry’s legitimacy and the marriage of Margaret of Savoy to Henry’s son, Arthur.

Question 28

How did Henry VII secure peace with France?

Answer 28

Henry VII negotiated the Treaty of Picquigny (1475), which ensured annual payments from France to England and kept the peace with the French monarchy, thereby securing England’s financial stability and avoiding conflict.

Question 29

How did Henry VII use diplomatic marriage alliances to secure England’s future?

Answer 29

Henry VII arranged strategic marriages to secure peace and strengthen alliances with European powers, including his own marriage to Elizabeth of York and his daughter Margaret’s marriage to James IV of Scotland.

Question 30

How did the death of Richard III impact Henry VII’s rise to the throne?

Answer 30

Richard III’s death in battle at Bosworth led to Henry VII’s victory and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty, effectively ending the Wars of the Roses. Henry’s claim was also reinforced through marriage to Elizabeth of York.

Question 31

What were Henry VII’s key policies regarding land management?

Answer 31

Henry VII focused on securing the Crown’s lands and ensuring they were efficiently managed. He reasserted control over lands granted away during Richard III's reign and worked to improve revenue from landholdings.

Question 32

How did Henry VII maintain control over the Scottish border?

Answer 32

Henry VII worked diplomatically, particularly through the Treaty of Perpetual Peace and the marriage of Margaret Tudor to James IV of Scotland, which helped keep the border peaceful and secure for the reign of his successors.

Question 33

How did Henry VII use marriage alliances to secure peace with European powers?

Answer 33

Henry VII used marriage alliances strategically to secure peace and strengthen England’s position. The marriage of his daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland ensured peace with Scotland, while his son Arthur’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon solidified ties with Spain.

Question 34

What was the impact of the Treaty of Windsor (1506) on relations with Burgundy?

Answer 34

The Treaty of Windsor improved relations between England and Burgundy, securing recognition of Henry VII’s legitimacy from Philip of Burgundy and arranging the marriage of Margaret of Savoy to Henry’s son, Arthur. This helped strengthen England’s diplomatic standing in Europe.

Question 35

How did Henry VII’s financial reforms impact the monarchy?

Answer 35

Henry VII's financial reforms, including the use of feudal dues, bonds, recognizances, and efficient control over Crown lands, significantly increased royal revenue and allowed the monarchy to become more financially independent, reducing reliance on Parliament for funds.

Question 36

How did the Statute of Uses (1489) affect land ownership and royal control?

Answer 36

The Statute of Uses (1489) was a legal measure that limited the ability of landowners to avoid paying feudal dues by transferring land to trustees. It helped Henry VII assert more control over land ownership and increase his income from land taxes.

Question 37

What was the significance of the Tudor Dynasty’s legitimacy under Henry VII?

Answer 37

Henry VII worked hard to solidify the Tudor Dynasty’s legitimacy by marrying Elizabeth of York, uniting the two warring factions. He also used symbolic measures such as the use of the red and white roses, symbolizing the union of the two houses.

Question 38

How did Henry VII use the Royal Progresses to control local elites?

Answer 38

Henry VII used royal progresses (tours of different parts of England) to assert his presence, keep an eye on local nobility, and demand loyalty. The travels also allowed him to manage disputes and reward loyal subjects.

Question 39

How did the Lambert Simnel Rebellion (1486-1487) threaten Henry VII’s reign?

Answer 39

The Lambert Simnel Rebellion threatened Henry VII as Simnel, a claimant to the throne, was supported by prominent nobles, including Margaret of Burgundy. However, Henry VII defeated the rebels at the Battle of Stoke (1487), securing his position.

Question 40

What was the role of Edmund Tudor in Henry VII’s rise to power?

Answer 40

Edmund Tudor, Henry VII’s father, was a key figure in the Lancastrian cause. His early death and the subsequent support from the Tudor family helped Henry VII ascend to the throne. Despite his limited role, the Tudors’ connection to Henry VI’s line bolstered Henry’s legitimacy.

Question 41

How did Henry VII ensure the loyalty of the nobility through the Court of Star Chamber?

Answer 41

The Court of Star Chamber was created by Henry VII to curb noble abuses of power, particularly illegal activities like retaining armed forces. It allowed the Crown to take direct legal action against nobles who threatened the king’s authority.

Question 42

How did the Warbeck Rebellion (1491-1499) challenge Henry VII’s rule?

Answer 42

Perkin Warbeck, a Yorkist pretender, posed a significant threat as he gained support from Charles VIII of France and Margaret of Burgundy. However, Henry VII managed to undermine Warbeck's support, leading to his capture and execution in 1499.

Question 43

How did Henry VII address economic stability in England?

Answer 43

Henry VII focused on enhancing trade, securing commercial treaties such as the Intercursus Magnus, and fostering relations with key trading partners. He also promoted the development of domestic industries, ensuring long-term financial stability for the Crown.

Question 44

What was the impact of the death of Henry VI (1471) on the rise of the Tudor family?

Answer 44

The death of Henry VI marked the effective collapse of the Lancastrian cause. His death allowed Edward IV to assert control, but the Tudors, particularly through Henry Tudor, capitalized on the weakening of the Yorkists to secure the throne after the Battle of Bosworth.

Question 45

How did Henry VII maintain control over court factions?

Answer 45

Henry VII controlled court factions by limiting their power and ensuring loyalty through the use of patronage, ensuring that those who were loyal to him received rewards while those who were disloyal faced consequences.

Question 46

What were Henry VII's foreign policy objectives in relation to Spain?

Answer 46

Henry VII’s foreign policy towards Spain focused on securing peace and diplomatic ties through the marriage of his son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon. This marriage solidified ties with Spain and provided a buffer against French aggression.

Question 47

What was the Battle of Bosworth (1485), and how did it change England’s monarchy?

Answer 47

The Battle of Bosworth was a pivotal moment where Henry Tudor defeated Richard III, marking the end of the Wars of the Roses and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. It drastically altered the course of English history, replacing the Yorkist monarchy with the Tudors.

Question 48

How did Henry VII’s use of patronage affect his relationship with the nobility?

Answer 48

Patronage was a vital tool for Henry VII, as he rewarded loyalty with land and titles. However, he was careful to ensure that patronage did not make any noble too powerful, ensuring the centralization of power in the monarchy.

Question 49

How did Henry VII deal with rebellions and protests?

Answer 49

Henry VII dealt with rebellions by quickly using military force to suppress uprisings, while also employing legal measures through the Court of Star Chamber to target key figures involved in insurrection. He also used public trials to demonstrate his strength and discourage future revolts.

Question 50

What was the importance of the Tudor Rose?

Answer 50

The Tudor Rose, a symbol of both the Lancaster and York houses, became an important emblem of Henry VII’s reign. It represented the unity of the warring factions and the establishment of the Tudor dynasty after the end of the Wars of the Roses.

Question 51

How did Henry VII ensure dynastic security after the death of Prince Arthur?

Answer 51

After Prince Arthur’s death, Henry VII secured the Tudor dynasty’s future by having his second son, Henry VIII, marry Catherine of Aragon, Arthur’s widow. This marriage also maintained the alliance with Spain and strengthened the Tudor claim.

Question 52

What was Henry VII’s strategy for maintaining internal stability?

Answer 52

Henry VII's strategy included balancing financial security, political control, and peace with neighboring nations. He maintained loyalty through marriage alliances, tactical marriages, and effective use of government structures such as the Council Learned in the Law.

Question 53

How did Henry VII secure the welfare of the English people during his reign?

Answer 53

Henry VII emphasized economic reforms, such as promoting trade and merchants, securing land revenues, and stabilizing currency. His careful management of resources ensured that England was financially stable, thus fostering peace and prosperity.

Question 54

What was Henry VII’s approach to military defense?

Answer 54

Henry VII avoided large-scale wars but ensured military defense by maintaining a well-trained army and navy, relying on strategic alliances and diplomacy rather than prolonged conflict to secure England’s borders.

Question 55

How did Henry VII influence the future of English monarchy?

Answer 55

Henry VII’s reign established the Tudor Dynasty, which would go on to rule for over a century. His financial and political policies laid the foundation for the strength of Henry VIII’s reign, including the eventual English Reformation.

Question 56

How did Henry VII deal with the French during his reign?

Answer 56

Henry VII pursued peace with France through treaties like the Treaty of Picquigny and by securing an annual pension from the French, thus maintaining a stable foreign policy without resorting to warfare.

Question 57

What was the financial impact of Henry VII’s dissolution of monasteries?

Answer 57

Although not as extensive as his son Henry VIII’s dissolution, Henry VII’s early appropriation of monastic lands helped boost royal revenue and provided wealth for the Tudor monarchy without alienating religious institutions to the same extent.

Question 58

How did Henry VII address the issue of rebellion among his subjects?

Answer 58

Henry VII effectively used military force to suppress major uprisings like the Cornish Rebellion (1497) and ensured that rebellion leaders were punished harshly to deter future challenges to his authority.