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Henry VIII Flashcards

1
Q

How did Henry VIII’s government differ from Henry VII’s?

A

Henry VIII moved from conciliar government to ministerial rule under Wolsey (1515–29) and Cromwell (1532–40) but retained final authority.

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2
Q

Who was Henry VIII’s first chief minister?

A

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (1515–1529).

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3
Q

What was Wolsey’s main role in Henry VIII’s government?

A

Managing domestic and foreign affairs, securing revenue, and attempting to secure Henry’s annulment.

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4
Q

Why did Wolsey fall from power in 1529?

A

Failure to secure the annulment from Catherine of Aragon and opposition from court factions.

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5
Q

What were the Eltham Ordinances (1526)?

A

Wolsey’s reforms to reduce the Privy Chamber’s influence and improve financial efficiency.

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6
Q

Who replaced Wolsey as Henry VIII’s chief minister?

A

Thomas Cromwell (1532–1540).

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7
Q

What were Cromwell’s key reforms?

A

Centralizing administration, reforming finance, and facilitating the Break with Rome through legal means.

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8
Q

Why did Cromwell fall from power in 1540?

A

His failure in arranging Henry’s marriage to Anne of Cleves and factional rivalry.

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9
Q

What was the role of the Privy Council under Henry VIII?

A

Became a smaller, more professional body, particularly after Cromwell’s fall.

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10
Q

How did Henry VIII use Parliament differently from Henry VII?

A

Used it more frequently, especially to secure religious reforms and royal supremacy.

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11
Q

What was the significance of the Battle of the Spurs (1513)?

A

A minor military victory against France, boosting Henry’s reputation.

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12
Q

What was the Treaty of London (1518)?

A

A non-aggression pact orchestrated by Wolsey, making England appear as a key European power.

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13
Q

What was the Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520)?

A

A diplomatic meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I, but it achieved little.

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14
Q

What was the Treaty of Bruges (1521)?

A

An agreement between England and the Holy Roman Empire against France.

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15
Q

What was Henry VIII’s main foreign policy aim?

A

Military glory, securing the French throne, and asserting England as a European power.

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16
Q

Why did Henry VIII’s wars with France in the 1540s fail?

A

They were costly and resulted in no lasting territorial gains.

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17
Q

What was the Treaty of Greenwich (1543)?

A

An unsuccessful attempt to betroth Edward VI to Mary, Queen of Scots, leading to the ‘Rough Wooing.’

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18
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Solway Moss (1542)?

A

England decisively defeated Scotland, leading to the death of James V.

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19
Q

What were the financial consequences of Henry VIII’s wars?

A

High taxation, borrowing, and debasement of the coinage led to inflation.

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20
Q

How did the Holy Roman Empire and France view Henry VIII after the Break with Rome?

A

As an isolated ruler, especially after the 1538 Treaty of Nice between Charles V and Francis I.

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21
Q

Why did Henry VIII break from Rome?

A

To annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, increase his power, and control Church wealth.

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22
Q

What was the Act of Supremacy (1534)?

A

Declared Henry as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

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23
Q

What was the Act of Succession (1534)?

A

Declared Elizabeth as Henry’s legitimate heir and excluded Mary.

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24
Q

Why was the Treason Act (1534) significant?

A

Made it treasonous to deny Henry’s supremacy, leading to executions like Thomas More’s.

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25
Who was responsible for securing the annulment?
Thomas Cromwell, through parliamentary and legal strategies.
26
What role did Thomas Cranmer play in the Reformation?
Supported Protestant reforms and declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine invalid.
27
How did the dissolution of the monasteries (1536–1540) impact England?
It redistributed wealth to the Crown but caused social unrest.
28
What was the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)?
A large-scale rebellion against the dissolution of monasteries and religious reforms.
29
What was the Act of Six Articles (1539)?
Reinforced traditional Catholic doctrines, showing Henry’s religious conservatism.
30
What was the significance of the Great Bible (1539)?
The first English translation of the Bible authorized by Henry.
31
Why did Henry VIII debase the coinage?
To fund wars, leading to inflation.
32
How did the dissolution of the monasteries impact the economy?
Increased Crown revenue but displaced many poor people.
33
What was enclosure, and why was it controversial?
The fencing off of common land, leading to peasant displacement and protests.
34
How did taxation change under Henry VIII?
The Subsidy Act (1513) introduced a more efficient tax system under Wolsey.
35
How did Henry VIII deal with poverty?
Minimal action; Poor Laws of 1531 and 1536 provided limited relief.
36
Why did the Amicable Grant (1525) fail?
Resistance to excessive taxation forced Wolsey to abandon it.
37
What was the impact of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Showed widespread opposition to religious changes, but Henry suppressed it ruthlessly.
38
Why did the Exeter Conspiracy (1538) fail?
An alleged Catholic plot crushed by Cromwell.
39
Who opposed Henry’s religious policies?
Figures like Thomas More and John Fisher, both executed.
40
How did Henry VIII suppress opposition?
Through acts like the Treason Act and executions.
41
What was the Third Succession Act (1543)?
Restored Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession.
42
What impact did Henry’s poor health have on his rule?
His declining health from 1536 onwards led to factional struggles at court.
43
What was the Regency Council?
A group of nobles set to rule for Edward VI upon Henry’s death in 1547.
44
Who were Henry VIII’s last chief ministers?
Thomas Wriothesley and Edward Seymour.
45
What was Henry VIII’s legacy?
A strong monarchy, religious upheaval, and financial instability.
46
What role did Cardinal Wolsey play in the Star Chamber's evolution?
Wolsey expanded the Star Chamber's role to tackle corruption and enforce justice, making it a central court for grievances.
47
How did Thomas Cromwell's reforms impact the structure of government?
Cromwell introduced bureaucratic reforms, creating departments with specific functions, laying the foundation for a more modern governmental structure.
48
What was the significance of the Court of Augmentations?
Established by Cromwell to manage revenues from dissolved monasteries, increasing Crown income.
49
How did the role of the Privy Chamber change during Henry VIII's reign?
It became more influential, staffed by the king's favorites, allowing them greater access and influence over royal decisions.
50
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Westminster (1527)?
An alliance between England and France against Charles V, aiming to pressure him into releasing Pope Clement VII.
51
How did the Battle of Pavia (1525) affect Henry's foreign ambitions?
Charles V's victory over France ended Henry's hopes of a joint invasion of France and highlighted England's secondary status in European politics.
52
What was the significance of the Treaty of Amiens (1527)?
It marked England's commitment to financially support France against Charles V, showcasing shifting alliances.
53
How did Henry VIII's foreign policy impact the economy?
Expensive wars led to heavy taxation and debasement of coinage, causing inflation and economic instability.
54
What was the Collectanea Satis Copiosa?
A collection of historical documents compiled to justify England's ecclesiastical independence from Rome.
55
How did the Valor Ecclesiasticus (1535) influence the dissolution of monasteries?
It assessed the wealth of the Church, providing justification for the Crown to dissolve monasteries and seize assets.
56
What was the significance of the Bishops' Book (1537)?
Also known as the 'Institution of a Christian Man,' it provided guidelines on Church doctrine during the Reformation.
57
How did the Act of Ten Articles (1536) differ from the Six Articles (1539)?
The Ten Articles showed Protestant leanings by reducing sacraments, while the Six Articles reaffirmed Catholic doctrines.
58
What was the impact of the Statute of Uses (1536)?
Aimed to prevent landowners from avoiding feudal dues, leading to discontent among the nobility.
59
How did the dissolution of monasteries affect education?
Many monastic schools were closed, but some funds were redirected to establish new grammar schools.
60
What was the purpose of the 1547 Vagrancy Act?
To address the rise in homelessness by branding and enslaving able-bodied vagrants, though it was largely unenforced.
61
How did population growth during Henry VIII's reign impact society?
Increased population led to higher demand for food, inflation, and greater strain on resources.
62
What were the Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Major uprisings in 1536 protesting the dissolution of monasteries and religious reforms.
63
How did Henry VIII respond to the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Initially negotiated but later suppressed it brutally, executing key leaders.
64
What role did Robert Aske play in the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Aske was the primary leader, organizing protests against the King's policies.
65
Why did the Western Rebellion (1549) occur?
Opposition to the introduction of the English Book of Common Prayer and other religious reforms.
66
What was the significance of the Dry Stamp?
A stamp of the King's signature used by trusted officials, leading to manipulation of royal documents in Henry's later years.
67
How did the Earl of Surrey's actions lead to his downfall?
His display of the royal arms suggested a claim to the throne, leading to his execution for treason in 1547.
68
What was the impact of Henry VIII's will on the succession?
It outlined the line of succession, favoring Edward VI, then Mary I and Elizabeth I, and established a regency council.
69
How did factionalism affect the court in Henry VIII's final years?
Rival factions vied for influence over the sickly king, leading to political instability.
70
What was the significance of the 1538 Injunctions?
Mandated English Bibles in every parish and discouraged pilgrimages, promoting Protestant practices.
71
How did the Chantries Act (1545) alter religious practices?
Dissolved chantries, ending prayers for the dead and redirecting their wealth to the Crown.
72
What role did Hans Holbein play in Henry VIII's court?
As court painter, he created iconic portraits, shaping Henry's image.
73
How did music flourish during Henry VIII's reign?
Henry, a musician himself, patronized composers, leading to a rich musical culture.
74
How did Henry VIII's marriage to Anne of Cleves impact his ministers?
The failed marriage led to Cromwell's downfall due to the political embarrassment.
75
What was the outcome of Catherine Howard's marriage to Henry VIII?
She was executed for adultery, highlighting court intrigues.

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