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Personality Psychology > January 26, 2016 > Flashcards

January 26, 2016 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three underlying assumptions of the dispositional approach that every theory under the dispositional approach has agreed upon.

A

1) dispositions are relatively stable and enduring qualities found within the individual
2) dispositions have at least a degree of consistency and generality
3) each individual is made up of a unique accumulation of different dispositions

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2
Q

What are two ways to conceptualize the approach?

A

1) emphasize dispositions as real and measurable

2) emphasize dispositions as motivational characteristics that vary in type and strength from individual to individual

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3
Q

Physical universe described in terms of 4 basic elements: air, earth, fire, water

A

Ancient Greece

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4
Q

Hippocrates used the elements created by the Ancient Greeks and compared them to corresponding bodily fluids called..?

A

Humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm

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5
Q

Galen used the humors of Hippocrates and having an excess amount of them as being related to personality

A

Sanguine: hopeful/optimistic:Blood
Melancholic: sad/depressed: Black Bile
Choleric: hot tempered/irritable: Yellow Bile
Phlegmatic: apathetic/calm: Phlegm

(ex. if you have an excess of blood = sanguine = more hopeful/optimistic)

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6
Q

What is the difference between a TYPE and a TRAIT

A

Type (distinct category): one or the other
ex. gender: male, female, or other. You can be one or the other, you cannot be both.

Trait (continuous dimension): Quantitative: varies how much any dimension of personality. Continuum, how many you have. (Most people are average)

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7
Q

What are the three main approaches to identifying traits?

A

1) Lexical Approach
2) Theoretical Approach
3) Empirical/Statistical Approach

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8
Q

Language determines important traits.

Actually using the dictionary to see how many words define/describe personality. more times mentioned = more importance.

A

Lexical Approach

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9
Q

Theory defines important traits.

Ex. Freud and the Id, Super Id, and the Ego

A

Theoretical Approach

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10
Q

Empirical/Statistical Approach

A

Data determines the important traits.

Factor analysis: mathematical tool looking for relationships among words - correlations, Relates every trait with every other trait = “correlation matrix”

  • typically looking for 0.30 or higher
  • Hypothetical factor loading: what to call all that has been correlated (ex. happiness of 0.62 and excitement of 0.54… what do you call the group? some may decide to label as joy, but completely subjective.
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11
Q

Who believed in the philosophy of heuristic “realism” and what is it?

A

Gordon Allport

Traits are real, and so we should try and figure out what they are, but there are differences in how traits influence us.

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12
Q

What are the three different disposition ways that traits influence us in Gordon Allport’s theory

Influenced by Murray’s Dictum

A

1) Cardinal Dispositions: the dominant traits that stand out the most
2) Central Dispositions: highly characteristic of a person, the main handful
3) Secondary Dispositions: marginal, only occur in certain circumstances

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13
Q

What is Murray’s Dictum?

A

In some ways, a person is like all other persons, and some ways like some other persons, and in some ways like no other persons.

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14
Q

What are the two approaches underneath Gordon Allport’s theory?

A

Nomothetic Approach

Idiographic Approach

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15
Q

Define Nomothetic Approach

A

“Nomo”: Law
Seeking general laws to apply to all people (variable centered)

Laws of generalization: not concerned with the individual person. (ex: studying test anxiety= don’t care about the entire person, just want to study the trait itself)

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16
Q

Define Idiographic Approach

A

“idio”: personal

Individual centered, everyone is unique. BUT 7 billion people in the world - how do you measure/study that? You can’t.

17
Q

Raymond Catell Liked which approach?

A

The Lexical Approach

18
Q

Cattell found that there were way too many traits out there, with almost 18,000 words in the 1930’s describing personality. So he invented the ______ which narrowed it down to __#__ traits.

A

Lexical Criterion of Importance

117 traits

19
Q

What were the three types of data that Catell used to collect information?
What did he find and develop from those findings?

A

Q-Data: Questionnaires, interviews on different qualities
T-Data: Objective, testing in lab, didn’t know what trait we’re testing.
L-Data: Life records, (ex. report cards, work history, etc)

Found: kept coming up with 16 different personality dimensions

developed: 16-PFQ: have to be careful not using words with stigma attached (ex. aggression) sooo he made up his own words. Tried to be neutral and couldn’t so ended up using real words.

20
Q

Raymond Cattel was the first person to use factor analysis. True or false

A

True

21
Q

What were Hans Eysenck’s two main dimensions of personality?

A

That a person can either be extroverted or introverted

(also either emotionally stable or emotionally unstable)
While also using the 4 quadrants: phlegmatic, Melancholic, Choleric, Sanguine

EPQ:

22
Q

What is Hans Eysenck’s third super-trait after extroversion and introversion?

A

psychoticism: the disposition towards psychosis

Characterized by 11 dispositions (solitary, troublesome, cruel/inhumane, etc.)
fun facts:
-Typically higher in males, prisoners, heritable
-in university students: associated with poor seminar behaviour/academic performance
-related to high risk sexual behaviour
-negatively related to religious belief

23
Q

Who believed in Folk Concepts, and what are they?

A

Harrison Gough
Folk Concepts: not the individual who has the personality, it’s the society. Social Norms

(ex. do onto others as you’d have done to you)

24
Q

Who invented the interpersonal circle? What is it?

A

Jerry Wiggins

dominance in status and love
dominant-submissive/cold-warm

25
Q

Define the Big Five

A

tried repeating the 16 dimensions of personality but kept on only coming up with 5

1) Extroversion
2) Agreeableness
3) conscientiousness
4) neuroticism
5) openness to experience

26
Q

Explain Walter Mischel and the personality coefficient?

A

found that there is such a low correlation between personality and behaviour therefore, personality must not exist.

27
Q

Explain Situationism

A

After Walter Mischel,
researchers thought that the situation is what’s important BUT people found that the situation also had a 0.2-0.3 correlation to behaviour.

BUT
when researchers started aggregating different ways to show a specific personality trait (ALL ways) then correlations became HIGH

Therefore, have to take into account the complexity of behaviour

28
Q

What is ANOVA?

A

when personality and situations interact

29
Q

Person and environment interact
personology
needs and presses

who is this

A

Henry Murray

30
Q

what is the difference between a need and a press?

A

Need: A state inside of you that is left feeling unsatisfactory. (When that need is strong, you will act accordingly)
Press: coming from the outside: ex. seeing a commercial and it makes you want to eat whatever it is, even if you aren’t hungry.

31
Q

There are two types of needs

A
  • 12 primary (viscerogenic) needs: Needs that represent the physical requirements of an organism
  • 27 Secondary (psychogenic) needs: Needs deriving from psychological aspects of an organism
32
Q

There are two types of press

A

Alpha Press: objective: if you want to go to law school, you have to meet that school’s GPA requirement. HAVE TO.
Beta Press: subjective: Get a B when you want an A and you criticize yourself for not getting that A.

33
Q

What is an Actone?

A

When you are satisfying a need, the behaviour you are acting on is called an Actone.
ex. marriage: affiliation, financial, sexual, etc.

34
Q

Murray talks about needs, and _______ talks about Motives.

A

David McClelland

35
Q

How does David McClelland define Motives

A

clusters of cognitions with affective overtones, organized around preferred experiences and goals

(but then are needs really different from motives?)

36
Q

We measure and test motives/needs when they aren’t being shown through Apperception which is what?

A

the process of projecting fantasy imagery onto an objective stimulus (projective testing)

37
Q

What is the difference between Manifest and Latent needs?

A

Manifest: Exhibited, shown that it is a need and expressed overtly.
Latent: covertly expressed, not shown, either in denial/don’t want to show it.

38
Q

How do you measure latent needs?

A

Projective testing: given something ambiguous, and it’s expected that you will project something: “Apperception”

Personality Psychology (3 decks)

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