James I Flashcards
Where and when did James first become king?
Scotland in 1567
What book did James about divine right?
Basilikon Dragon
What was one of james’ major qualities
He was pragmatic
Who was james’ favourite during the early years of his reign
Robert Carr
Who did Parliament dislike? Why?
Howard family- because they were Catholic sympathisers and suspected of being Catholic themselves
They also disapproved of the high number of Scottish nobles at court benefitting from English money.
When was the overbury scandal?
1615
What was the overbury scandal?
Overbury did not approve of the marriage between Carr and Howard.
Wrote ‘the wife’ poem
Carr manipulated James so overbury was locked in the Tower of London for disrespecting James and his wife
Howard poisoned overbury killing him.
Who replaced Carr as James favourite?
George villiers in 1616
Became the earl of bucking and then the duke
What was james’ foreign policy aims?
BEATI PACIFICI- James desired peace and hated war. He did not like the financial cost and loss of life
AVOIDING LEADERSHIP- he did not want to be the leader of a Protestant alliance in Europe
STRATEGIC MARRIAGES- James wanted to marry his children to Catholics and Protestants in Europe. He believed this would bring peace
SCOTTISH UNION
When was the treaty of London signed?
1604
What was the Treaty of London
Ended the 19 year long war against Spain
Allowed for trade benefits
Spain officially accepted England as Protestant
Parliament and the public wanted the war to end
SUCCESS FOR BEATI PACIFICI AND TRADE
Anti Catholic and anti Spanish sentiments remained
When was the Julich Cleaves dispute
1609-1614
What was the Julich Cleaves dispute
Catholics and Protestants fought over areas of land in the Holy Roman Empire
Protestants were led by Union with the French despite it being Catholic
James was reluctant to get involved but supported Protestants
Henry IV of France was assassinated in 1610
James was pushed to leadership position
TREATY OF XANTEN 1614 split the two areas
SUCCESS FOR BEATI PACIFICI
When did the thirty years war break out
1618
What was the warning to Frederick
Bohemia chose frederick of the palatinate as king not Ferdinand
James not to accept but was ignored
Ferdinand invaded palatinate and Bohemia
The Spanish Match
James believed if Charles and Maria married then Spain would withdraw from the war and stop the thirty years war
Charles and Buckingham went on the Madrid trip to woo Maria without permission
Angered king Phillip of Spain and Maria did not like Charles
Most people were happy with this
FAIL
Mansfeld Expedition
James had agreed to a naval expedition to help fight in the palatinate for £300,000 in subsidies
Was used on a land expedition
4000/6000 soldiers died from disease
When did James introduce the Articles of Perth to Scotland?
1618 - he forced this through the general assembly of the Kirk
The general assembly was very reluctant but James had support of several Scottish nobles
What did the articles of Perth do?
Introduced Anglican elements into the Presbyterian church including kneeling at communion
These instructions were widely ignored.
When was the millinerary petition presented to James?
1603
What was the Millinery petition ?
100 signatures
Asked to end confirmation, signing the cross and wedding rings
Asked for more power for lower clergy instead of bishops
Hampton court conference
1604
James met with puritans
Rejected demands because he wanted to keep a broad church and needed bishops to maintain control
Agreed to a Puritan friendly translation of the bible
When was Bancroft canons introduced
Who was Bancroft
Became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1604
He was anti Puritan
What was brought in by the Bancroft canons
All clergy had to agree to only use sermons from the book of common prayers and listen to the bishops
Puritan preachers were banned from preaching on the street
What did Bancroft canons result?
SILENCED BRETHREN
90 puritan clergy members lost their jobs for refusing to follow canons
Hundreds of puritans went to America
Most followed rules and hoped for better times
When did abbot become Archbishop of Canterbury and what was he like
1611
He was more accepting of puritans
Puritans were allowed to preach in the streets
Puritan clergy members allowed to miss out parts of book of common prayer
Impropriation was allowed
When was the king of James bible published
1611
When was synod of Dort and declaration of sport
1618
What was the synod of Dort
Meeting in the Netherlands between puritans and Arminian
English delegates were told by James to be more accepting of puritans
What was the declaration of sports
List of suggested sports to play on a Sunday after church
Opposed by puritans as Sundays were believed to be for bible studies and praying
What was the 1622 direction to preachers
James banned the clergy from discussing any religiously contentious issues
How much were recusancy fines reduced in 1603
75%
Why were recusancy laws enforced more harshly in 1604
Main plot 1603
Catholic conspiracy to remove James and make arabella Queen
Bye plot 1603
Catholic plot to kidnap James
Parliament came into session
When was the gunpowder plot and give statistics
1605
25 executed for treason
200 were under Elizabeth
What did the gunpowder plot result in 1606
The popish recusancy act
What was the popish recusancy act 1606
Gave magistrates power to search the houses of suspected Catholics
Forced Catholics to take oath of allegiance to James
Banned Catholics from living in London
Banned Catholics from certain jobs including office and medicine
How was james able to collect finances
Parliament -> subsidies
Ordinary revenue -> monopolies, warship, purveyande, feudal dues, excise taxes, custom duties, tonnage and poundage
What were 3 inherited financial problems for James I
- Elizabeth’s tax collection system was inadequate. She did not update the tax system in line with inflation and rising prices.
- James inherited £100,000 debt from Elizabeth
- Elizabeth did not assess people’s individual wealth to determine how much tax they should pay. Monarch lost out on gaining more tax money from their wealthier subjects. This continued under James.
What 3 methods/reforms were introduced to increase income
- 1608 BOOK OF RATES - increased custom duties and created new ones. Increased income from custom duties to £70,000 per year
- The Great Contract failed in 1610 - would have provided James with £200,000 per year from Parliament in return for giving up feudal dues but was rejected by both parties because James felt feudal dues gave him power over the nobility and gentry and Parliament felt they would no longer be needed to be called as often and lose their bargaining tool.
- Cecil was James’ financial minister until 1612. during this time he renewed the sale of monopolies and sold over 100.
What are 3 key examples of James hedonism/ extreme spending
- In 1621 James spent £3300 on an ante-super
- Food drink a gambling and hunting cost James huge sums at court. By 1612 James was spending £80,000 per year on pensions for courtiers
- In 1614 James spent £522,000 in peace time. James debt had grown to £900,000 by 1620
3 finance facts about Canfield
- Managed to reduce James spending by 50% by 1624
- Cranfield failed to control Buckinghams over over the patronage system in the court which was riddled with corruption embezzlement and bribery.
- Cranfield was impeached by Buckingham for corruption in 1624 after he was found to be taking bribes but really for his opposition to joining the thirty years war.
When was the first Parliament
1604-1611
Financial disputes in the first Parliament
List of grievances:
Attacked James’ ordinary revenue methods and wanted the abolition of monopolies purveyance and wardship
What were the election disputes in the first Parliament
Francis Goodwin elected but was refused the seat as he was an outlaw
John fortescue was elected but appeared as though the crown was trying to interfere
Thomas Shirley was imprisoned for debt after election -> parliamentary privilege should have exempted him
Union disputes in the first Parliament
James dropped the idea of a Union with Scotland because he was prag,antic and did not want to upset Parliament
Parliament did not want to change common law or share finances with Scotland
What was the form of apology and satisfaction
First Parliament
Reiterating privileges of Parliament
Parliament felt James overstepping privileges
Was the 2nd and 3rd sessions more or less tense than the 4th?
Less tense
2nd/3rd= gunpowder plot-> popish recusancy act-> pleased Parliament-> £40,000 subsidies granted
4th= 1608 Book Of Rates / great contract
When was the second Parliament called and what was it known as
1614
Addled Parliament
What were 3 disputes in the addled Parliament
- By 1614 James was £680,000 in debt
- Creation and selling of the baronet title
- Spending at court, Parliament did not like the money given to Scottish members of court
When was the third Parliament
1621
Foreign policy disputes in the third parliament
James didn’t want to join 30Y war
Parliament didn’t trust James with money
James asked for £500,000 to fight in palatinate but needed £900,000
Parliament refused until James would discuss his foreign policy plans
James refused to discuss foreign policy plans with them as it was his royal prerogative
Parliament issued protestantion demanding James stop his Spanish match
James ripped up the protestation and dissolved Parliament
Financial disputes in the third Parliament
Parliament only gave James £160,000 though he needed £900,000
Impeachments of monopolists such as Francis bacon
When was the fourth Parliament
1624
Foreign policy events in the fourth parliament
James discussed foreign policy with parliament
Agreed on £300,000 for a naval expedition to help the Protestants in the palatinate
James lied
financial events in the fourth parliament
James abolished monopolies in the 1624 monopolies act
Cranfield refused crown spending by 50%
Cranfield was corrupt and impeached
