Charles I Flashcards
Charles I personality, faith and court
Strongly believed in divine right
Arminian
Court was more organised than james’
When was the naval expedition to Cadiz
1625
Why did the naval expedition to Cadiz fail
Buckinghams bad planning
Cost £250,000
More men died from lack of food than enemy gunfire
Failed to capture any Spanish treasure ships
3 key events in the 1625 parliament
- Tonnage and poundage was only granted to Charles for one year to punish him for his involvement in the Mansfield expedition
- Parliament granted two subsidies of £140,000 for foreign policy but were a 1/4 of needed amount
- Parliament attacked Arminianism and attacked his Catholic sympathy. Tried to impeach Buckingham on corruption charges so Charles dissolved Parliament
3 key events of the 1626 parliament
- Parliament granted subsidies for war in theory but wouldn’t actually pass the until Buckingham was removed
- Chalres imprisoned MPs Elliot and digges from the House of Commons for ‘insolence’. They had made accusations of treason against Buckingham based on evidence from Bristol. By doing this Charles was breaking parliamentary privilege.
- Charles dissolved parliament to save Buckingham from impeachment
3 key events of the 1627 interval
- La Rochelle failure because of Buckinghams lack of planning. Scaling ladders were too short. 3000/8000 men made it home
- Charles collected tonnage and poundage illegally without permission from parliament. He demanded his subjects pay him a forced loan. 76 members of the gentry refused and Charles imprisoned the,. Abuse of power
- FIVE KNIGHTS CASE: 5 of the imprisoned men took hi, to court and claimed their imprisonment for not paying the forcedmloan was unlawful. Judges ruled in Charles favour due to pressure from him.
3 key events of the 1628-1629 parliament
- MPs wrote the petition of right which stated grievances of parliament. Wanted bad on forced loans and the five knights case overturned aswell as no arrests of MPs and no imprisonment without trial. Parliament agreed to grant Charles five subsidies if he signed the petition of right. He signed the petition of right to protect Buckingham from impeachment.
- Parliament began the process of granting tonnage and poundage to Charles. He denied this eas needed suggesting he didn’t need their permission to collect it. MP rolls was arrested for refusing to pay tonnage and poundage. Parliament saw this as a betrayal of their privilege and the petition of right.
- Charles tried to adjourn parliament but they refused. They pinned the speaker to the seat and locked the doors. They passes the three resolutions stating three types of people who were a traitor:
- anyone paying tonnage and poundage
- anyone collecting tonnage and poundage
- anyone who altered the church to make it more Catholic or Arminian
So Charles dissolved Parliament and claimed he would not call them again until his subjects knew his mind better.
When were the laudian reforms created
1633
What were the laudian reforms
Enforced church decoration and music
Alters were decorated and roped off so only clergy could access them
Clergy given higher status
Puritans preachers were banned from preaching o. The street
Book of sports also encourage sports on a Sunday
What was a consequence of the laudian reforms
Exodus of 60,000 to America
Several churches in Nottingham and st gregorys in London refused to follow the laudian reforms
When was the burton bastwick and prynne case
1637
What was the burton bastwick and prynne case
Wrote and published religious attacks on the queen and lauds policies
Found guilty in The court of star chamber (court directly controlled by monarch)
Got their ears chopped off as punishment despite them being members of the gentry
When was John lilburne arrested? Why?
1638 of producing anti Arminian leaflets
How long was personal rule
11 years
1629-1640
How much debt was Charles in by 1629
£2 Million
What treaties were signed in personal rule
1629 TREATY OF SUSA: France
1630 TREATY OF MADRID:
Spain
How did ordinary revenue keep Charles afloat in personal rule (2 examples)
- Forest fines raised £80,000 but alienated land owners
- Distraint of knighthood raised £175,000
Ship money key statistics
1634-1636: £190,000 per year
97.5% of ship money collected 1634-7
1637 John Hampton challenged ship money in the law courts but was defeated
When was the book of orders sent out? What was it
1631
314 instructions on tax collection
JP’s felt overburdened and harassed but followed with it
What was the change in income during personal rule
Kings annual income went from £600,000 to £900,000
When did Charles introduce a new Arminian prayer book into Scotland
1637
which caused riots
What was the national covenant
1638
The Scottish assembly produced a document promising to protect Presbyterianism at all costs
When first bishop war
1639
Why did Charles lose the first bishops war
- charles army was ill equipped and unenthusiastic
- no money for mercenaries, JP’s and lord lieutenants did a poor job of rallying local militias
- JP’s did a poor job of collecting ship money 1638-9 (£70,000 less per year than previous years)
Scottish troops were determined well funded and included many professional soldiers
What was the treaty that ended the first bishops war. What were its terms and when was it signed
1639
Treaty of Berwick
Charles agreed to allow Scottish to keep the Presbyterian church
Why did Charles call the short parliament
Wanted money to keep fighting. He did not get any
When was the short parliament
1640
Why did the second bishops war break out?
Broke the treaty of Berwick and published new canons enforcing Arminian reforms in Scotland
What was the result of the second bishops war?
Treaty of ripon
£850 per day until peace
Parliament had to be called
When was the long parliament Calle
1640
Root and branch petition
1640
15,000 Londoners signed petition
Wanted big reforms to religion
Who was impeached in 1640
Laud -treason charges
Wentworth fails
The triennial act
1641
Made it compulsory for the king to call parliament at least once every three years
Charles agrees to this to get money
Act of attainder to impeach wentworth
1641
No evidence for impeachment
Initial rejected but signed after the london mob causing him to be guilty of treason and executed
London Mob
1641
Puritan majority
Break into churches and rip down the decorations
Thousands
Broke into Whitehall palace where the kings family were
The army plot
1641
Plot that the members of Charles army had to free wentworth from execution and forcefully remove parliament
Believed Charles was involved and lost trust in him
The act against the dissolution of this parliament without its own consent
1641
Agreed because he needed
Dismantled prerogative
How was the kings prerogative dismantled further in 1641
- prerogative courts abolished
- ship money without consent was banned
- bishops banned from privy council
Irish rebellion
1641
Irish Catholics rebelling against both the protests ants and the English rule.
Rumour that the Irish Catholic rebels had killed 20,000 Protestant but was really 3,000
The grand remonstrance
1641
Asked for:
1. Reform of religion to make the church more low church
2. Parliament would control who could be within charles’ privy council
Charles refuses to pass it
Militia Bill
1641
Parliament and Charles agreed that an army needed to be sent to Ireland.
This proposed that parliament would fund the army to go but they could chose the commanders
This was refused
How many bishops were impeached by parliament and who was rumoured to also be impeached in 1641
12
Queen Henrietta Maria
What does the king attempt to do before going to York in 1624?
Attempts an arrest on 5 junto MPs
Militia ordinance
1642
Passed by Parliament
Raised an army of 10,000 soldiers for parliament by the lord lieutenants
Massive breach of power
Commissions of Array
1642
Charles send instructions to the lord lieutenants to create an army to send to Ireland aswell
The nineteen propositions
1642
List of 19 things parliament wanted from Charles for them not to go to war
E.g.
Parliament would be in the hands of parliament
Parliament would be put in charge of religious reforms
Parliament would pick charles’ privy council
Civil war era
1624-1646
Key events of the civil war
SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT 1643:
Scottish agreed to send an army to help parliament in return for England becoming Presbyterian
CESSATION TREATY 1643:
The Irish Catholics agreed to pause their rebellion for one year and send men to fight for Charles in England
MARSTON MOOR 1644:
Huge victory for parliament. The kinds northern army destroyed
NASEBY 1645:
Huge victory for parliament. The kings southern army was destroyed
3 key financial reasons for parliaments victory in the civil war
- Parliament controlled wealthier areas including east anglia and London which provided them with lots of tax money
- Pym set up new taxes including direct weekly assessment tax in 1642 and excise taxes on goods in 1643. Parliament collected ship money
- The royalist gentry gave all of their savings to the king at the start of the war. They had no more to give as the war went on.
Leadership reasons why parliament won the English civil war
- Charles made bad decisions in 1643. Parliament was weak in 1653 but the king failed to invade London. Instead besieging Gloucester.
- Pym was a strong and popular leader. He was an,e to keep parliament j tied even though some MPs formed the peace party and some MPs formed the war party. Aligning with Scotland
- Charles decided to follow the advice of he Noriega Maria and Digby and fight parliament at Naseby, instead of listening to Prince Rupert’s who advised waiting and more preparation
