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5100 Foundations > Jacobs (Block I only) Cards > Flashcards

Jacobs (Block I only) Cards Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

kjsdgzhfdk

A

qkjhkjasf

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3
Q

What Staph aureus virulence factor binds to prothrombin and creates staphylothrombin, in order to form clots?

A

Coagulase

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4
Q

What Gram POS virulence factor forms holes in red blood cells?

A

Hemolysin

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5
Q

Why are patients with renal disease susceptible to pneumonias?

A

Chronic uremia damages lungs, increases infection risk.

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6
Q

Main causative bacteria in acute shellfish poisoning

A

Vibrio (V. vulnificus or V. parahaemolyticus)

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7
Q

Strep. pyogenes adhesion protein

A

Protein F

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8
Q

Staph aurus anti-adhesion protein

A

Protein A

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9
Q

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA): Gram POS or Gram NEG?

A

Gram POS

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10
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): Gram POS or Gram NEG?

A

Gram NEG

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11
Q

What does the Strep. pyogenes adhesion factor, protein F bind to?

A

Fibronectin

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12
Q

What does the Staph. aureus anti-adhesion factor, protein A bind to?

A

Immunoglobulins (IgG Fc region)

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13
Q

What clot-digesting enzyme does streptokinase (from Strep. pyogenes) activate?

A

Plasminogen (to form active plasmin)

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14
Q

What clot-digesting enzyme does staphylokinase (from Staph. aureus) activate?

A

Plasminogen (to active plasmin)

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15
Q

Why can treatment with the thrombolytic drug streptokinase cause hypotension?

A

It converts kininogen to bradykinin, which is a vasodilator

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16
Q

What tissue-digesting enzyme does Clostridium hystolyticum make?

A

Collagenase

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17
Q

Name an indication for use of Clostridium histolyticum collagenase (as an injectible drug).

A

Dupuytren’s contracture

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18
Q

What bacteria secretes alpha hemolysin (which lyses RBCs)?

A

Staph. aureus

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19
Q

What reaction does catalase perform?

A

2H2O2 –> 2H2O + O2 (gets rid of hydrogen peroxide)

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20
Q

What type of hemolysis: Strep. pneumoniae?

A

Alpha (incomplete)

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21
Q

What type of hemolysis: Viridans groups Strep. (e.g. Strep. mutans)?

A

Alpha (incomplete)

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22
Q

What type of hemolysis: Staph. aureus?

A

Beta (complete)

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23
Q

What type of hemolysis: Strep. pyogenes?

A

Beta (complete)

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24
Q

What type of hemolysis: Strep. agalactiae (Group B Strep)?

A

Beta (complete)

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25
Q

What type of hemolysis: Staph. saprophyticus?

A

Gamma (absent)

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26
Q

What type of hemolysis: Staph. epidermidis?

A

Gamma (absent)

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34
Q

What type of hemolysis: Enterococcus (faecalis or faecium)?

A

Gamma (absent)

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35
Q

Annual cases of diphteria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) in the US.

A

0 (in the last 15 years there were 2 cases)

36
Q

Toxin produced by emetic strains of Bacillus cereus.

A

Cereulide

37
Q

Target of cereulide that causes vomiting (food poisoning).

A

5-HT3 receptor

38
Q

Botulinum toxins are bacterial enzymes that cleave ____.

A

SNARE proteins (synaptobrevin, syntaxin, or SNAP-25)

39
Q

Tetanospasmin is a bacterial toxin (from Clostridium tetani) that cleaves _____.

A

Synaptobrevin (a SNARE protein)

40
Q

Botulinum toxin and Tetanospasmin both block the release of what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

41
Q

Why do beta lactams (e.g. penicillin) not work on Chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia cell walls lack peptidoglycan

42
Q

Why do beta lactams (e.g. penicillin) not work on Mycoplasma spp.?

A

Mycoplasma do not have a cell wall.

43
Q

Which type of bacteria have nitrate reductase - Gram NEG or Gram POS?

A

Gram NEG

44
Q

Why might you not see fever when a systemic infection is present?

A

Antipyretic use; Also, elderly have less febrile response

45
Q

Define antibiotic breakpoint

A

Breakpoint allows interpretation of MIC values - if the MIC is less than the breakpoint, the bacterial isolate is susceptible, if MIC is above the breakpoint, it is resistant (to that particular drug).

46
Q

Define MIC

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits growth)

47
Q

What bacterial protein confers MRSA resistance?

A

PBP2a (penicillin binding protein 2a)

48
Q

What Gram NEG anaerobic rod is a common cause of GI and peritoneal infections?

A

Bacteroides fragilis

49
Q

What Gram POS anaerobic rod causes diarrhea, pseudomembraneous colitis, and other GI infections?

A

Clostridium difficile

50
Q

Which is NOT stable in the acidic pH of the stomach, Pen G or Pen V?

A

Pen G (injected)

51
Q

What is the pharmacokinetic index for aminoglcosides?

A

Peak/MIC (goal: maximize peak levels)

52
Q

What is the pharmacokinetic index for beta lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins)?

A

Time>MIC (goal: maximize duration)

53
Q

What is the pharmacokinetic index for vancomycin?

A

24h AUC/MIC (goal: maximize AUC)

54
Q

Define therapeutic index

A

Ratio of TD50 (toxic dose 50%) to ED50 (effective dose 50%)

55
Q

What do penicillins inhibit?

A

Cell wall biosynthesis

56
Q

What do cephalosporins inhibit?

A

Cell wall biosynthesis

57
Q

What do carbapenems inhibit?

A

Cell wall biosynthesis

58
Q

What do monobactams inhibit?

A

Cell wall biosynthesis

59
Q

What does vancomycin inhibit?

A

Cell wall biosynthesis

60
Q

What is the half-life of natural penicillins (Pen G and V)?

A

30 min

61
Q

How are penicillins eliminated?

A

Renally

62
Q

Which is longer lasting? Pen G potassium, procaine, or benzathine?

A

Benzathine (Bicillin L-A), duration 1-4 weeks

63
Q

What is the effective duration for Procaine Pen G?

A

about 1 day

64
Q

What is the effective duration for Benzathine Pen G?

A

About 1-4 weeks

65
Q

Are any penicillins (or penicillin/beta-lactamase combinations) effective against MRSA?

A

No, because PBP2a is mutated, and penicillins do not recognize it.

66
Q

What is the drug of choice for Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)?

A

Benzathine penicillin G (Bicillin L-A)

67
Q

Is Pen V potassium (Pen VK) effective against Staph.?

A

No, most Staph. express penicillinases

68
Q

Name the antistaphylococcal penicillins

A

dicloxacillin nafcillin oxacillin

69
Q

Are nafcillin or oxacillin effective against MRSA?

A

No, only against sensitive strains of Staph aureus (MSSA)

70
Q

What is the brand name for amoxicillin-clavulanate?

A

Augmentin

71
Q

How is amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin) administered?

A

orally

72
Q

What is the brand name for ampicillin-sulbactam?

A

Unasyn

73
Q

How is ampicillin-sulbactam (Unasyn) administered?

A

Injection

74
Q

How is piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn) administered?

A

Injection

75
Q

What is the brand name for piperacillin/tazobactam?

A

Zosyn

76
Q

Are the Augmentin, Unasyn, and Zosyn effective against Bacteroides fragilis?

A

Yes. Zosyn (Pip/Taz) is usually preferred.

5100 Foundations (12 decks)

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