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5100 Foundations > Jacobs (Block I only) Cards > Flashcards

Jacobs (Block I only) Cards Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

kjsdgzhfdk

A

qkjhkjasf

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3
Q

What Staph aureus virulence factor binds to prothrombin and creates staphylothrombin, in order to form clots?

A

Coagulase

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4
Q

What Gram POS virulence factor forms holes in red blood cells?

A

Hemolysin

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5
Q

Why are patients with renal disease susceptible to pneumonias?

A

Chronic uremia damages lungs, increases infection risk.

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6
Q

Main causative bacteria in acute shellfish poisoning

A

Vibrio (V. vulnificus or V. parahaemolyticus)

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7
Q

Strep. pyogenes adhesion protein

A

Protein F

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8
Q

Staph aurus anti-adhesion protein

A

Protein A

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9
Q

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA): Gram POS or Gram NEG?

A

Gram POS

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10
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): Gram POS or Gram NEG?

A

Gram NEG

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11
Q

What does the Strep. pyogenes adhesion factor, protein F bind to?

A

Fibronectin

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12
Q

What does the Staph. aureus anti-adhesion factor, protein A bind to?

A

Immunoglobulins (IgG Fc region)

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13
Q

What clot-digesting enzyme does streptokinase (from Strep. pyogenes) activate?

A

Plasminogen (to form active plasmin)

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14
Q

What clot-digesting enzyme does staphylokinase (from Staph. aureus) activate?

A

Plasminogen (to active plasmin)

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15
Q

Why can treatment with the thrombolytic drug streptokinase cause hypotension?

A

It converts kininogen to bradykinin, which is a vasodilator

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16
Q

What tissue-digesting enzyme does Clostridium hystolyticum make?

A

Collagenase

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17
Q

Name an indication for use of Clostridium histolyticum collagenase (as an injectible drug).

A

Dupuytren’s contracture

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18
Q

What bacteria secretes alpha hemolysin (which lyses RBCs)?

A

Staph. aureus

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19
Q

What reaction does catalase perform?

A

2H2O2 –> 2H2O + O2 (gets rid of hydrogen peroxide)

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20
Q

What type of hemolysis: Strep. pneumoniae?

A

Alpha (incomplete)

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21
Q

What type of hemolysis: Viridans groups Strep. (e.g. Strep. mutans)?

A

Alpha (incomplete)

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22
Q

What type of hemolysis: Staph. aureus?

A

Beta (complete)

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23
Q

What type of hemolysis: Strep. pyogenes?

A

Beta (complete)

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24
Q

What type of hemolysis: Strep. agalactiae (Group B Strep)?

A

Beta (complete)

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25
What type of hemolysis: Staph. saprophyticus?
Gamma (absent)
26
What type of hemolysis: Staph. epidermidis?
Gamma (absent)
34
What type of hemolysis: Enterococcus (faecalis or faecium)?
Gamma (absent)
35
Annual cases of diphteria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) in the US.
0 (in the last 15 years there were 2 cases)
36
Toxin produced by emetic strains of Bacillus cereus.
Cereulide
37
Target of cereulide that causes vomiting (food poisoning).
5-HT3 receptor
38
Botulinum toxins are bacterial enzymes that cleave \_\_\_\_.
SNARE proteins (synaptobrevin, syntaxin, or SNAP-25)
39
Tetanospasmin is a bacterial toxin (from Clostridium tetani) that cleaves \_\_\_\_\_.
Synaptobrevin (a SNARE protein)
40
Botulinum toxin and Tetanospasmin both block the release of what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
41
Why do beta lactams (e.g. penicillin) not work on Chlamydia?
Chlamydia cell walls lack peptidoglycan
42
Why do beta lactams (e.g. penicillin) not work on Mycoplasma spp.?
Mycoplasma do not have a cell wall.
43
Which type of bacteria have nitrate reductase - Gram NEG or Gram POS?
Gram NEG
44
Why might you not see fever when a systemic infection is present?
Antipyretic use; Also, elderly have less febrile response
45
Define antibiotic breakpoint
Breakpoint allows interpretation of MIC values - if the MIC is less than the breakpoint, the bacterial isolate is susceptible, if MIC is above the breakpoint, it is resistant (to that particular drug).
46
Define MIC
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits growth)
47
What bacterial protein confers MRSA resistance?
PBP2a (penicillin binding protein 2a)
48
What Gram NEG anaerobic rod is a common cause of GI and peritoneal infections?
Bacteroides fragilis
49
What Gram POS anaerobic rod causes diarrhea, pseudomembraneous colitis, and other GI infections?
Clostridium difficile
50
Which is NOT stable in the acidic pH of the stomach, Pen G or Pen V?
Pen G (injected)
51
What is the pharmacokinetic index for aminoglcosides?
Peak/MIC (goal: maximize peak levels)
52
What is the pharmacokinetic index for beta lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins)?
Time\>MIC (goal: maximize duration)
53
What is the pharmacokinetic index for vancomycin?
24h AUC/MIC (goal: maximize AUC)
54
Define therapeutic index
Ratio of TD50 (toxic dose 50%) to ED50 (effective dose 50%)
55
What do penicillins inhibit?
Cell wall biosynthesis
56
What do cephalosporins inhibit?
Cell wall biosynthesis
57
What do carbapenems inhibit?
Cell wall biosynthesis
58
What do monobactams inhibit?
Cell wall biosynthesis
59
What does vancomycin inhibit?
Cell wall biosynthesis
60
What is the half-life of natural penicillins (Pen G and V)?
30 min
61
How are penicillins eliminated?
Renally
62
Which is longer lasting? Pen G potassium, procaine, or benzathine?
Benzathine (Bicillin L-A), duration 1-4 weeks
63
What is the effective duration for Procaine Pen G?
about 1 day
64
What is the effective duration for Benzathine Pen G?
About 1-4 weeks
65
Are any penicillins (or penicillin/beta-lactamase combinations) effective against MRSA?
No, because PBP2a is mutated, and penicillins do not recognize it.
66
What is the drug of choice for Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)?
Benzathine penicillin G (Bicillin L-A)
67
Is Pen V potassium (Pen VK) effective against Staph.?
No, most Staph. express penicillinases
68
Name the antistaphylococcal penicillins
dicloxacillin nafcillin oxacillin
69
Are nafcillin or oxacillin effective against MRSA?
No, only against sensitive strains of Staph aureus (MSSA)
70
What is the brand name for amoxicillin-clavulanate?
Augmentin
71
How is amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin) administered?
orally
72
What is the brand name for ampicillin-sulbactam?
Unasyn
73
How is ampicillin-sulbactam (Unasyn) administered?
Injection
74
How is piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn) administered?
Injection
75
What is the brand name for piperacillin/tazobactam?
Zosyn
76
Are the Augmentin, Unasyn, and Zosyn effective against Bacteroides fragilis?
Yes. Zosyn (Pip/Taz) is usually preferred.

5100 Foundations (12 decks)

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