Jacksonian Era Flashcards
Tariff
A protective tariff designed to aid American industries.
Industrial Revolution
The change in social and economic organization that resulted from the replacement of hand tools with machines and from the development of large-scale industrial production.
Nationalism
A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation.
Trail of Tears
The marches in which the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian Territory in 1838-1840, with thousands of the Cherokee dying on the way.
Nullification
A state’s refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional.
Whig Party
The political party formed in 1834 to oppose policies of Andrew Jackson.
John C. Calhoun
One of the leaders along with Henry Clay who led the War Hawks against Britain when it was discovered that the Native Americans were borrowing arms from them. Jackson’s Vice President of South Carolina. Devised the nullification theory.
Give 3 examples of inventions during the Industrial Revolution in the United States.
- Interchangeable parts: standardized parts that can be used in place of another developed by Eli Whitney
- Cotton gin: cotton engine invented by Eli Whitney
- Factory system: using power-driven machinery and laborers assigned to different tasks
Explain how two different economic systems developed in the North and South.
North invested their capital in factories and manufacturing operations. Still had farming practices that allowed them to sell a few crops to the city market and in return, buy whatever they needed. Slavery was eventually abolished in the North because they weren’t necessary.
South relied on profits from selling cotton. Cotton has become largely successful which significantly accelerated the expansion of slavery.
What was the American system? What did it include?
President Madison’s plan to unite America’s diverse economy. His plan included developing transportation systems, establishing a protective tariff, and resurrecting the national bank.
Henry Clay promoted it as the American system.
The industrial North would produce manufactured goods that the South would buy, while they produce grain, meat, and cotton that the North needed. An accepted currency and improved transportation system would ignite the American system. And America would become an economically independent country.
Give an example of how the Supreme Court’s rulings strengthened the federal government’s control over the economy.
McCulloch vs. Maryland: Maryland levied a heavy tax on the local branch of the Bank of the United States, attempting to make it fail. The Chief Justice believed that the states would eventually overturn the laws passed by congress, and denied the Maryland the right to tax the Bank.
Why did many settlers move west?
Settlers moved west in search for economic gain - for land was not only plentiful and fertile but cheap. There were social gains such as changing occupations easily.
How did the Missouri Compromise temporarily settle the debate over slavery?
Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, thus preserving the sectional balance in the Senate.
The Louisiana Territory was split into 2 interests, one for slaveholders and one for free settlers. The south dividing line made slavery legal, where as north was banned.
In what ways were voting rights expanded during the 1920s? Give examples.
During Adam’s presidency, most states eased the voting requirements which enlarged the voting population. In 1824, approximately 350,000 white males voted. Over the next 4 years, it increased three times the votes.
Explain Jackson’s spoils system and his appeal to the common citizen.
Jackson was viewed as a man of humble origins despite being a wealthy plantation owner. He was also very popular.
The spoils system are when incoming officials throw out former appointees and replace them with their own friends. For example, Jackson fired 10% of the federal employees and replaced them with loyal Jacksonians.
What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830? Where were they went to?
Under this law, the federal government provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west. For Jackson, the removal policy was “not only liberal, but generous,” but his arguments were mainly based on the rights of states to govern within their own boundaries.
Explain how the protective tariff laws raised the issue of states’ rights.
It questioned the legality of applying some federal laws in sovereign states. By the constitution, each state had the right to nullify, or reject, a federal law that it considered unconstitutional. The protective tariff restricted the South from purchasing and competing at the world market, and forced to purchase from the North. The North was gradually getting rich at the South’s expense.
How did Jackson feel about the Bank of the United States? What action did he take?
He waged a personal war on the Bank of the United States and vetoed to bill to recharter the Bank. The BUS had unfair advantages over other banks, their stockholders earned interest from the deposits (not average American taxpayers), and loans to congressmen had much lower rates than the average citizen. Jackson tried to place all government funds to his “pet banks” which were strictly loyal to the Democratic Party to kill the BUS.
