J/W P/S missed Questions Flashcards
What are the effects of heightened acetylcholine ?
Acetylcholine is known for its ability to heighten focus an attention.
Describe a secondary group?
Secondary groups are transiet groups of individuals without close knit ties. These are relationships that are not lifelong or enduring.
What is a cross sectional study?
A cross-sectional study analyzes data from across a population or a representative subset of that population at a specific point in time.
Describe the life-course approach.
The life course approach refers to an approach for analyzing peoples lives over time. In particular, the life course approach emphasizes looking back across an individuals history to understand how they shaped current patterns of health and disease.
What is cultural capital?
Cultural capital is the accumulation of experiences and knowledge throughout one’s lifespan which directly benefit’s ones status.
Describe a retrospective study.
A retrospective study is a type of longitudinal study which looks at outcomes that have already occurred.
Describe cultural relativism.
Cultural relativism refers to the awareness of the wide diversity of beliefs, norms, values, and cultural practices that exists outside of one’s own.
What is ethnocentrism?
Inability of an individual to evaluate another person from a different culture by the standards of that culture and not their own.
What is xenocentrism?
It is the desire to live by the standards of a culture different to one’s own.
Describe the visual pathway
Eye -> optic nerve-> optic chiasm -> optic tracts -> lateral geniculate nucleus ( LGN) -> visual radiations -> visual cortex
Describe the auditory pathway
Cochlea -> vestibulocochlear nerve -> medial geniculate nucleus ( MGN) -> auditory cortex
Two point threshold
The minimum distance necessary between 2 points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli
Top down processing
Using background knowledge, pays little attention to detail, and recognizes objects by memories and expectations
Bottom-up processing
Pays attention to details, does not use background knowledge, and recognizes objects by feature detection.
Explicit memory
Also known as declarative memory that accounts for memories that we must consciously recall with effort and focus
Implicit memory
Also known as non declarative memory that accounts for acquired skills and conditioned responses to circumstances and stimuli
Retroactive interference
New memories make you forget old memories
Proactive interference
Old memories interfere with learning new memories
Broca’s aphasia
Damage to the frontal lobe and those with it have difficulty generating speech. Still able to comprehend language
Wernicke’s aphasia
Damage to the temporal lobe and those with it have difficulty comprehending speech.
Selection bias
Bias introduced to the study on the basis of whether or not participants are recruited to the study in a bias way or whether data is collected from a non-random sample.
Symbolic interactionist
Focus on how individuals label things and how that affects how one acts towards it.
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency for people to under-emphasize situational explanations for an individual’s observed behavior while over-emphasizing dispositional and personality based explanations for their behavior.
Self-serving bias
individuals attribute positive outcomes to dispositional factors while attributing negative outcomes to situational factors.
Induction
Type of problem solving through which observations are used to derive general principles resulting in broad generalizations on the basis of specific observations.
Yields conclusions that are uncertain
Rule of thumb approach
Broad guidelines, advice, and practical instructions are Indicative of the rule of thumb approach. Based on experience or practice rather than theory
Deductions
Yields conclusions that are certain
Folkways
informal and simply describe customs routinely expressed in daily interactions.
Mores
informal and describe norms that determine what is or is not morally acceptable. ( Right or wrong)
Represent culture and tradition, a little more strict that folkways.
Anomie
Social isolation one feels from a lack of social norms or the breakdown of social norms between an individual and his community ties, resulting in the fragmentation of social identity.
Social facilitation vs social interference.
Improvement in individual performance on a simple and well-practiced task when in the presence of others rather than alone.
Social interference is the decrease in individual performance on a difficult and/or new task when in the presence of other people.
What is the role of the pre-frontal cortex ?
It is the executive control center of the brain and is the brain region primarily responsible for our ability to make decisions, attend to stimuli, and think Flexibly.
Which technique is most likely use to measure activation in the brain regions involved during mentalizing?
fMRI.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging is used to measure brain activity in specific brain regions, rather than global brain regions.
PET are also used to measure brain acitivity. It measures changes in metabolism in the different regions of the brain.
Group polarization
Deals mostly with someones OPINION changing due to being among like-minded people.
Deindividualization
Loss of sense of self that a person gets when in a crowd.
Group think
The tendency for individuals in a decision-making group to make irrational decisions in order to maintain group cohesion/conformity.
Explain the world system theory.
Macrosociological approach to explaining the world economy.
Describe neuroticism.
Neuroticism is a personality trait. Individuals with high levels of neuroticism tend to have elevated stress, anxiety, and worry.
