IVAP exam 3 Flashcards
Types of vertebrae
Amphicelous, opisthocoelous, procelous, acelous, and heterocelous
Describe amphicelous. examples
Concave at both ends, found in fish, a few salamanders and caecilians
describe opisthocoelous.
examples
convex in front and concave in back. Salamanders
Describe procelous. Give examples
concave in front and convex in back. Anurans and present day reptiles
Describe Acelous. Give examples
flat ended, mammals
Describe heterogenous. Examples
Saddle shaped centrum at both ends. Birds
How many individual vertebrae are there?
24 and fused sacrum and coccyx
Function of vertebral column
Provides vertical support for body, supports weight of head, maintains upright body position and houses spinal cord
Body of vertebrae
thick anterior weight bearing structure
vertebral arch
posterior to body
vertebral foramen
opening enclosed by body with vertebral arch
vertebral canal
formed by stacked vertebral foramina and contains spinal cord
Intervertebral foramina
lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae, passageways for spinal nerves extending into body
vertebral arch is composed to 2 __ and 2 __
pedicles and laminae
pedicles
originate from posterolateral margins of the body
laminae
extend posteromedially from posterior edge of pedicle
spinous process
projects posteriol from laminae junction
transverse process
lateral projections on both sides of the vertebral arch
Superior and inferior anterior processes
originate at junction between pedicles and laminae, has smooth surface (articular facet)
5 vertebrae
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
cervical vertebrae form bones of the
neck
Number of cervical vertebrae
7
c1 articulates w
occipital condyle
c1 is __ and c2 is __
atlas, axis
c7 articulates with
first thoracic vertebrae
atlas function
supports the head and articulates with occipital condyle to allow nodding yes
Atlas lacks __ and __
body and spinous process
There is a ____ on the anterior arch of the atlas
articular facet for dens
the body of the axis is
fused
what is the dens of the axis
acts as a pivot for lateral rotation between atlas and skull
atlantoaxial joint between atlas and axis
permits shaking the head no
shape of body of cervical vertebrae
kidney bean shaped
cervical vertebrae only support the weight of the
head
cervical vertebrae are distinguished by the __ on the transverse process
transverse foramina that houses vertebral artery and vein
Thoracic vertebrae articulates with
one or two pairs of ribs
number of thoracic vertebrae
12
thoracic vertebrae have a __ spinous process
long, thin
Lumbar vertebrae form the __ region of the back
concave
number of lumbar vertebrae
5
Describe the spinous process of lumbar vertebrae
short and thick
sacrum vertebrae are ___
fused
number of fused sacral vertebrae
5
sacrum laterally articulates with
2 hip bones
coccyx is aka
tailbone
number of vertebrae
4
coccyx may fuse with
sacrum
when does the coccyx start to untie
puberty
how to treat herniated disc
wait and see, NSAIDS, or microdisectomy in which a portion of disc is removed
Thoracic cage
bony framework of chest that protects organs and is the attachment site for many muscles
thoracic cage consists of
thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally, and sternum anteriorly
sternum is aka
breastbones
sternum is a
flat bone forming anterior midline of thoracic wall
manubrium
widest and most superior portion of sternum
manubrium is made of
2 clavier notches, suprasternal notch, and costal notches
clavicar notches
articulate sternum with left and right clavicles
what is the largest part of the sternum?
sternum body
which ribs are attached to sternum body?
2-7
where does the sternum body articulate w the manubrium?
sternal angle
diploid process
Where?
when ossify?
at tip of sternum and doesn’t ossify until age 40
how many ribs do we have?
12 pairs
true ribs are
ribs 1-7
how do true rubs connect to sternum?
costal cartilages
false ribs are
ribs 8-12
what do false ribs mean
costal cartilages not attached directly to sternum and are indirectly attached
ribs 11-12 are
floating ribs
why are 11-12 ribs floating?
they have no connection to sternum
