IV. Aegean Period, V. Greek Art, VI. Etruscan Period, VI Roman Flashcards
The civilization that flourished on the Greek peninsula, in Asia Minor, on the north coast of Africa, and in the western Mediterranean until the establishment of the Roman dominion in 146 AD, characterized by a system of construction based on rules of FORM and PROPORTION.
The Aegean Period (3000-1200BC)
What are the 3 civilizations under the Aegean Period?
- Cycladic (3200-1200 BC)
- Minoan (3000-1500 BC)
- Mycenaean (1600-1300 BC)
A civilization under the Aegean Period that was named for the legendary king Minos of Crete.
Minoan
The civilization under the Aegean Period that is from the land of the Legend of Troy.
Mycenaean
The land of the Legend of Troy.
Mycenae
From which civilization under the Aegean period does the marble sculptures (idols) that are most found lying down in grave belong to?
Cycladic
A fresco (painted plaster) that is found from a wall of the Palace at Knossos with a bull and 3 human.figures.
The Bull Leaping Fresco
A spreading palace of stone and wood for the king, with so many chambers above and below ground. It consists of Pillow capitals and frescoes lined interior and portico walls.
Palace of Knossos
A Mycenaean funerary gold mask found in Tomb V in Royal circle A at the Acropolis of Mycenae.
Mask of Agamemnon
The Mycenaean fortress on a hill is entered through what gate?
Gate of Lions or Lions Gate
A prehistoric throne room. A building or semi-independent unit of a building, typically having rectangular principal chamber with a center hearth and a porch, often with columns in antis; traditional in Greece since Mycenaean times and believed to be the ancestor of the Doric temple.
Megaron
What are the 3 parts of a Megaron?
- Front Porch w/ 2 columns
- Antechamber (Vestibule)
- Throne Room
The beehive tombs of the Mycenaean.
Tholos
The arrangement of courses of layers of stone so that each level projects over a stone.
Corbeling
The term which means city in Greek.
Polis
A period in Greek art wherein pottery decoration moved beyond simple shapes to also include animals and humans. Everything, however, was rendered with the use of simple geometric shapes.
Geometric Period
The Greek art period best known for the beginnings of realistic depictions of humans and (no coincidence) monumental stone sculptures. The construction of oldest Doric and Ionic temples as well as the life-size stone statues such as Kourus and Kore.
Archaic Period
The limestone Greek male statue.
Kourus
The limestone Greek female statue.
Kore
In which Greek art period does the black and red figure ware belong to?
Archaic Period
It was during this Greek art period that human statues became so heroically proportioned. Contrapposto in statues. Rebuilding of the Athenian Acropolis.
Classical Period
The contrary positions of the arms and legs.
Contrapposto Position
Of or pertaining to ancient Greek history, cultural art, especially before the time of Alexander the Great. It was during this time that the Corinthian capitals were introduced.
Hellenic Art
A style under the Hellenic period which is characterized by movement; towards increasing naturalness and freedom of form; use of lost wax method and bronze casting.
Severe style
A Greek temple during the Classical Period dedicated to the goddess Artemis. It was located in Ephesus.
Temple of Artemis
Of or pertaining to Greek, culture and art of the times of Alexander the Great’s death in 323 BC through the 1st century BC during which the Greek dynasties were established in Egypt, Syrian and Persia, and Greek culture was modified by foreign elements.
Hellenistic Art
A Greek pottery style characterized by the assimilation of Eastern iconography. Shapes are larger and more curvilinear, and geometric patterns are now used simply as borders.
Orientalizing Style
A Grek pottery style wherein the artist painted the figure in black silhouette with a slip made of clay and water.
Archaic
A Greek pottery style wherein figures were left in red against a black background, and details were painted in black.
Late Archaic to Classical
A Greek pottery style wherein a wash of white clay formed the background. Figures were then applied in black and additional colors were added.
Classical to Late Classical
Greek pottery is divided into what 4 categories?
- Storage and Transport Vessels
- Mixing Vessels
- Jugs and Cups
- Vases for Oils, Perfumes and Cosmetics
A Greek water jar with 3 handles.
Hydria
A Greek flask for storing and pouring oil.
Lekythos
A large vessel with 2 handles for mixing wine and water.
Krater
A Greek vessel for storing hone, olive oil, wine and water.
Amphora
A stemmed cup with 2 horizontal handles and a stemmed foot, used for drinking wine.
Kylix
A jug for pouring wine.
Oinochoe
A deep Greek bowl.
Skyphos
A drinking cup with huge swung handles that extend above the lip of the pot.
Kantharos
A jar used for storing liquids such as oils and wines. Also used to contain ashes after cremation.
Pelike
A small circular box with a lid, often used for the storage of jewelry and toiletries.
Pyxis
A Greek vase used in religious practices for the pouring of libations, they may also take the shape of animal heads, especially bulls.
Rhyton
A Greek order that is the most earliest and most massive. The column has no base; fluted shaft and plain capital.
Doric
A Greek order that is lighter than Doric. It has fluted shaft and a base. It has a volute capital.
Ionic
A Greek order which is a variant of the Ionic with its plinth and fluted shaft and its distinctive ornate capital.
Corinthian
What are the 3 major parts of the Greek orders?
- Base and Capital
- Upright Column
- Horizontal Entablature
The topmost step of a stereobate.
Stylobate
The column itself in a Greek order which is composed of individual sections (drums) and concave grooves (flutes), with a base and capital.
Shaft
The topmost structural member of a column.
Capital
A snug band at the top of the shaft.
Necking
A flat, curved element like a plate with rounded sides on a Doric capital.
Echinus
The flat square above the Echinus of a Dorig order.
Abacus
Forms the lintel; an elaborate horizontal band and molding above the column.
Entablature
A part of the entablature which is a plain, horizontal member above a capital.
Architrave
A band above the architrave consisting of alternating triglyphs and metopes.
Frieze
A part of an entablature’s frieze that are rectangles with vertical incisions carved into their surface.
Triglyphs
A part of an entablature’s frieze that are slabs of stone either plane or with sculpture in relief.
Metope
A short band under the triglyph.
Regula
A projection above the frieze to protect it from the weather.
Cornice
A low, slanting cornice.
Raking Cornice
A triangular gable usually having a horizontal cornice, with raked cornices on each side, surmounting.
Pediment
A technique applied on columns which do not taper in a straight line, but bulge outward about one-third of the way up from the base.
Entasis
A small, flat, plain surface used to separate other moldings.
Fillet
A wide, straight surface in Greek molding and molding ornamentation.
Fascia
A convex curved surface; quarter circle; often with egg and dart motif.
Ovolo
A concave surface approximating the interior curve of a quarter circle.
Cavetto
An S-shaped curved surface that starts and ends horizontally; usually with honeysuckle motif.
Cyma Recta
An S-shaped curved surface that starts and ends vertically; usually with waterleaf motif.
Cyma Reversa
A convex surface approx. the exterior of semi-circle, with guilloche.
Torus
A deep, hollow, concave molding found on column base.
Scotia
Columns with shafts in female form.
Caryatids
A sculptured male human figure in place of a column to support an entablature.
Telamon or Atlas
A marketplace or public square in an ancient Greek city, usually surrounded with public buildings and porticoes and commonly used as a place for popular or political assembly.
Agora
A long colonnaded multi-purpose building usually detached and of considerable length, used as a promenade or meeting place around public places.
Stoa
The fortified high area or citadel of an ancient Greek city.
Acropolis
A part of a Greek temple’s hypostyle hall which is the inner portico in front of the naos of a classical temple.
Pronaos
A part of a Greek temple’s hypostyle hall which is the sanctuary of a classical temple, containing the cult statue of he god.
Naos
A form of Greek architecture which is used for plays and performances; it consisted of stone seats wrapped around the orchestra and face the skene (stage building).
Theater
A type of a Greek theater that is a semi-circular form and hollowed out of a hill.
Auditorium
A covered smaller Greek theater.
Odeon
A type of a Greek theater used for horses and chariot races.
Hippodrome
A part of a Greek theater which is a large, circular area that contains a slightly raised stne on which was placed the statues of deities.
Orchestra (dancing place)
A part of a Greek theater which is used as an acting area behind the orchestra.
Proscenium
A structure in a Greek theater that serves as a backdrop for the acting area or dressing room.
Skene
Entrance and exit portals on each side of the orchestra in a Greek theater.
Parodos (Entrance)
Exodus (Exit)
A form of a Greek architecture which is the senate house for elected officials.
Prytaneion
Translated as council house, assembly house, and senate house, was a building in ancient Greece which housed the council of citizensof a democratic city state.
Boueterion
A form of a Greek architecture which is a large tomb that is usually a large stone building with places of entombment above the ground.
Mausoleum
The fortified citadel and state sanctuaryof the ancient city of Athens.
Acropolis of Athens
The monumental entrance to the Acropolis.
Propylaea
A picture gallery. The name is specifically used for the building containing pictures which formed the left wing of the Propylaea on the Acropolis at Athens, Greece
Pinacotheca
A Greek temple built in ca, 420 BC in the Ionic order. It has a prostasis on the east side, a monumental propylon on the north, and the famous porch of the Caryatids on the south. Dedicated to the worship of the 2 principal gods, Athena and Poseidon-Erectheus.
Temple of Erechtheion
The chief temple of the Greek goddess Athena on the hill of the Acropolis at Athens, Greece. Generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order.
Parthenon
A period from Etruria (modern Tuscany) and the Etrusci Sea. For centureies, they have been considered as decadent and blood thirsty people with a predilection for piracy, superstition and magic.
Etruscan Period
What is the type of art applied on portraiture and relief sculptures during the Roman period?
Realism
Sculpture representing the upper portion of the human body showing only the head, shoulders and upper chest.
Bust
What are the 3 periods of the Roman Empire?
- Roman Republican Empire
- Early Roman Empire
- Late Roman Empire
General features of Roman Art?
- Mural Form
- Panel Portrait
- Realistic Style
Roman Republican Art
A sculpture in a form of representation of a person in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display he likeness, personality and even the mood of the person.
Portrait Sculpture
Roman Republican Art
A sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. Appears on altars, arches and tombs.
Relief Sculpture
Italian for true fresco, is a fresco painting technique in which alkaline-resistant pigments, ground in water, are applied to wet plaster.
Buon Fresco
A wall painting technique where pigments mixed with an organic binder and/or lime are applied onto a dry plaster.
Secco Fresco
A pattern or picture made of many small colored pieces of stone, glass, etc; sometimes in Trompe L’oeil technique.
Mosaics
An arch that was used during the Roman Imperial art to commemorate victorious generals or significant public events such as the founding of new colonies, the construction of a road or bridge, the death of a member of the imperial family or the accession of a new emperor.
Triumphal Arch
Wedge-shaped stones formed by the use of CENTERING.
Arch
Temporary framework for SUPPORTING MASONRY OR VAULT during construction.
Centering
- Extended Arch
* Forms the ceiling of a building
Vault
VAULT
• Having a semi-circular cross section
Barrel Vault
VAULT
• Two intersecting vaults
Groin Vault
Extended round arch
Dome
- A Roman author, architect, civil engineer and military engineer
- Established rules for standardizing the Greek orders for architecture
Vitruvius
VITRUVIUS
• A measuring unit for each order.
Module
VITRUVIUS
• Entablature is __ height of the column.
1/4
VITRUVIUS
• Shaft is __ smaller in diameter at the top than its base.
1/6
ROMAN MAJOR ORDERS
• Combination of Ionic Shaft and Corinthian Capital
Composite
ROMAN MAJOR ORDERS
• Simplified version of the Roman Doric order.
• Unfluted columns, plain frieze and no triglyphs.
Tuscan
FORMS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• The counterpart of the Agora of the Greeks.
• Composed of temples, triumphal arches, pillars of victories, Roman basilica, senate and shops.
Forum
ROMAN TEMPLE
• High platform upon which the temple was raised
Podium
ROMAN TEMPLE
• Contains the cult statue
• Equivalent of Naos of Greeks
Cella
ROMAN THEATER
• Highly decorative wall or backdrop at the rear of the stage of a Roman theater
Scanae frons
FORMS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• Oval or round building with tiers of seats around a central arena
• For gladiatorial contests and spectacles
Amphitheater
FORMS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• Long hairpin race course for chariot races
• Also called hippodrome
Circus
FORMS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• Large reservoirs/cisterns for lead pipes to transport water to towns.
Aqueducts
FORMS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• Building to house the Roman law court
• Became a hall of justice and commercial exchange
Basilica
PARTS OF THERMAE
• Hot room
Caldarium
PARTS OF THERMAE
• Warm room
Tepidarium
PARTS OF THERMAE
• Cold room
Frigidarium
PARTS OF THERMAE
• Dry sweating room
Lanconicum
PARTS OF THERMAE
• Oiling and shampooing room
Unctuaria
PARTS OF THERMAE
• Dresing rooms
Apodyteria
FORMS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• A great marble monument
• Constructed during the reign of Augustus
Ara Pacis
ROMAN ARCHITECTURAL LANDMARKS
• Temple of every God
Pantheon
PANTHEON
• Commissioned the building of Pantheon during the reign of Augustus in 27 BC.
Marcus Agrippa
PANTHEON
• Rebuilt the Pantheon in 120 AD changing it to the circular shape it has now.
Emperor Hadrian
• Circular opening at the crown of a dome.
Oculus
ROMAN ARCHITECTURAL LANDMARKS • Also called Flavian Amphitheater • For Roman games • Combination of Roman arch and vault construction • Exterior walls are 48m high
Colosseum
