IV

Question 1

A. Discuss various adaptive strategies used by humans.

B. What are they, and why are they interesting to anthropologists?

Answer 1

1. Foraging: hunting & gathering
2. Horticulture: slash & burn
3. Agriculture: cultivation, domestication, irrigation, terracing
4. Pastoralism: symbiosis, animal products
5. Industrialism: profit motive

Question 2

What similarities are found between different foraging societies?

Answer 2

• band, flexible, mobile, kinship/marriage
• egalitarianism (equality/group thinking)
• small social groups
• sharing of resources
• marginal areas (forests, deserts, tundra)
• nation-state

Question 3

How do food producers differ from foragers?

Answer 3

foragers: bands, kinship, marriage

horticultures/pastoralism: descent groups

agriculturists: descent groups, political entities (states)

Question 4

What are some examples of hunter-gatherers around the world?

Answer 4

• San and !Kung of Africa
• Efe pygmies
• Balak of Malaysia
• Tiwi of Australia
• Ache of S. America
• Inuit

Question 5

How are correlations between adaptive strategies and other cultural attributes treated by anthropologists?

Answer 5

• band
• mobility
• division of labor gender, age
• egalitarian

Question 6

What is fictive kin and how does it tend to operate in a band society?

Answer 6

kin by same name

Question 7

Difference between horticulture and agriculture?

Answer 7

• horticulture: non-intensive, slash & burn, shifting cultivation
• agriculture: intense (no fallow period)

Question 8

Why do forager societies tend to be more egalitarian than agricultural societies?

Answer 8

• food sharing, social obligation, kinship

- sustenance

Question 9

How do pastoral societies differ from other subsistence strategies?

Answer 9

• symbiosis
• Andes Navajo
• supplement with hunting/gathering, fishing, cultivating, trade

Question 10

What is the difference between pastoral nomadism and transhumance?

Answer 10

• nomadism: group moves with animals (crops traded)

- transhumance: part move with animals, some stay (herding and crops)

Question 11

How does production differ in industrial and nonindustrial societies?

Answer 11

• industrial: technology, alienation, wealth

- nonindustrial: land through kinship/marriage/descent, social obligation, prestige

Question 12

What function does kinship have in diff. adaptive strategies and how does the division of labor operate along the lines of age & gender?

Answer 12

• foraging: territory defined by kinship
  
  • labor social obligation
  • manufacturing gender/age
• horticulture: women & men, descent groups
  
  • Betsileo of Madagascar (age & gender)

-agriculture: teamwork

• pastoralism: men-animals, women-milking
  
  • descent groups
  • manufacturing gender/age

-industrialism: none, alienation

Question 13

A, Describe how labor is treated differently in industrial versus nonindustrial societies.

B. Beside the profit motive, what other motives exist for people in different cultures to increase production?

Answer 13

A. 
Nonindustrial:
-social obligation
-manufacturing/labor based on age/gender
Industrial:
-alienation

Industrial:
-profit motive

B. trade, social obligation

Question 14

How do peasants negotiate a rent fund?

Answer 14

-allocate resourcesl from other funds just to maintain status quo for superiors

Question 15

Describe market principle & factors.

Answer 15

law of supply and demand

Question 16

Describe redistribution & factors.

Answer 16

• from social level to center, redistributed back out

* chiefdoms

Question 17

Describe generalized/balanced/negative reciprocity & factors.

Answer 17

-generalized: bands/sharing, no “thank you”

• balanced: equal exchange “give & take”, horticulturists
• negative: purely economic, expect something in return

Question 18

Describe potlatch.

Answer 18

-acquire goods to give away to gain prestige

Question 19

Describe silent trade.

Answer 19

• Mbuti pygmies
• no personal contact
• leave in woods, exchange fairly

Question 20

Where was/is potlatch celebrated & why? How does potlatch defy the idea of the profit motive?

Answer 20

• North America (Pacific coast)
• to gain prestige / abundance & shortage
• give away large wealth for no profit seemed wasteful