Its all about gene expression

Question 1

What brain structure is shaped like a seahorse?

Answer 1

Hungry hungry hippocampus

Question 2

Strengthening synapse is _____ specific

Answer 2

input

Question 3

3 types of long term memory

Answer 3

Explicit, implicit, and emotional

Question 4

Whats another term for operate conditioning?

Answer 4

Instrumental conditioning.

Question 5

Explicit learning

Answer 5

Conscious memory – subjects can retrieve information and know that it is correct. Ex: – a test

Question 6

Implicit learning

Answer 6

knowledge (a skill, conditioned response or prompted response) that cannot be explicitly recalled. Ex: Guitar

Question 7

How are implicit memories encoded?

Answer 7

implicit memory enters the brain in a ‘bottom-up’ way - sensory receptors, then its processed by a series of sub-cortical and cortical areas.

Question 8

How are explicit memories encoded?

Answer 8

Explicit memory requires cortical control of behavior in a ‘top-down’ way. E.g. looking for your keys – the temporal lobe holds a vision of keys and ignores other stimuli from the visual system.

Question 9

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 9

graded with loss of memories leading up to the trauma. Memories after the trauma are retained.

Question 10

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 10

events leading up to the trauma can be recalled, but you’ll never be able to remember anything new

Question 11

What memory structures are located in the medial temporal cortex?

Answer 11

Entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus

Question 12

3 types of short-term memory

Answer 12

Sensory, motor, cognitive

Question 13

Episodic memories

Answer 13

those that include us as part of a record of events– things that happen to us, and our role in those events.

Question 14

The hippocampus is critically involved in spatial ______ and ________.

Answer 14

Memory. Reasoning

Question 15

Why get a model organism?

Answer 15

cheap easy to test easy to minipulate morally okay

Question 16

what underlies habituation of gill retraction in Aplysia?

Answer 16

Decrease in pre-synaptic calcium influx

Question 17

what is the result of less calcium influx?

Answer 17

Less neuro-transmitter release

Question 18

Habituation

Answer 18

A form of learning in which an organism decreases or ceases to respond to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Question 19

There is a simple _____ underlying the Aplysia retraction reflex, and changes in a single ______ of this _____ mediate this habituation response

Answer 19

Circuit Synapse Circuit

Question 20

What was Kandels animal model?

Answer 20

The sea slug Aplysia Californica.

Question 21

Sensitization

Answer 21

a non-associative learning process in which repeated administrations of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response. (New dendritic spines are formed.)

Question 22

What mediates the effect of sensitization in Aplysia?

Answer 22

Slower efflux of potassium from the presynaptic neuron in response to serotonin

Question 23

Long term potentiation

Answer 23

In the hippocampus we observe an increase in the amplitude of post-­‐synaptic potentials after strong stimulation of the pre-­‐synaptic neuron.

Question 24

How many types of ionotrophic receptors for glutamate are there?

Answer 24

3 (NMDA and AMPA are of interest now)

Question 25

What makes a NMDA receptor unique?

Answer 25

At resting membrane potential it has a magnesium ion (Mg++) blocking its pore.

Question 26

When does Mg++ leave the pore of a NMDA receptor?

Answer 26

Once the cell depolarizes

Question 27

Synaptic plasticity

Answer 27

The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.

Question 28

AMPA receptors

Answer 28

because there is a Mg++ in NMDA receptors release of glutamate by weak electrical stimulation activates only AMPA receptors

Question 29

What physical changes in the brain are needed to create, store, and retrieve long term memories?

Answer 29

Primarily the growth and loss of synapses

Question 30

What second messenger is a critical mediator of synaptic plasticity and learning?

Answer 30

Cyclic-AMP (cAMP)

Question 31

True or False: Both High levels AND low levels of cAMP will cause an impairment in learning.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What area is hypothesized to be central for long term explicit memories?

Answer 32

The Temporal lobe

Question 33

What area is responsible for short term explicit memory storage?

Answer 33

The prefrontal cortex

Question 34

What part of the brain projects down towards the basal ganglia for implicit memories?

Answer 34

The entire cortex

Question 35

What neurotransmitter modulates neuronal firing in the basal ganglia and what receptors receive them?

Answer 35

Dopamine. D1 and D2 receptors

Question 36

what is Korsakoffs syndrome?

Answer 36

Caused by thiamine deficiency, which is associated with retro and anterograde amnesia. Patients often “fill in the gaps” w/o knowing they aren’t being truthful. Often observed in chronic alcoholics

Question 37

dysfunction in APP processing pathway is associated with early- onset _______

Answer 37

Alzheimers disease

Question 38

How do we diagnose AD?

Answer 38

Recently a new PET ligand was found that attaches to A-beta plaques

Question 39

Mood disorder

Answer 39

Severe disturbances of mood resulting in extreme and inappropriate sadness or elation for extended periods of time (bipolar disorder)

Question 40

DSM

Answer 40

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. it establishes categories of diseases

Question 41

3 problems with DSM

Answer 41

Validity Reliability Culture

Question 42

Validity

Answer 42

how valid are the described categories of disorder? Do they correspond to something in the real world?

Question 43

Reliability

Answer 43

How robust is the DSM to repeated measurement by multiple investigators?

Question 44

Culture

Answer 44

our concepts of disease and disorder change with social norms

Question 45

Every aspect of behavior is the product of brain activity

Answer 45

not only does altering the brain change our behavior, altering our behavior changes the brain.

Question 46

What is a ‘delayed, non-match to task’ behavioral task?

Answer 46

A developmental task that tests for explicit learning and memory. The DNMS task requires the subject to compare a presented sample object with a previously presented comparison object and encourages the selection of a new object with an object’s second presentation. An edible reward is given to the subject to encourage the novel item selection.