Action potentials. Thats all of neuroscience. Flashcards
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
hallucinations, delusions and disordered thoughts
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
blunted affect, lack of pleasure seeking and sociality, poverty of speech and lack of motivation.
Type I Schizo…
Characterized by excess positive symptoms. It is likely that type 1 schizophrenia is due to a dopaminergic dysfunction. It is also associated with acute onset, good prognosis, and a favorable response to neuroleptics.
Type II Schizo…
Characterized by excess negative symptoms. Its associated with associated with chronic affliction, poor prognosis, poor response to neuroleptics, cognitive impairments, enlarged ventricles, and cortical atrophy, particularly in the frontal cortex!
What receptor seems to be important for symptoms of schizophrenia?
D2. Many antipsychotics are antagonists of D2 dopaminergic synapses. Specific drugs of abuse worsen symptoms of Schizophrenia, and work as agonists of D2 dopaminergic synapses.
what is a neuroleptic?
another term for an antipsychotic.
What do antipsychotics increase in animals?
the turnover of dopamine.
Amphetamine
increases synaptic monoamines (including dopamine), and can cause psychosis
The effectiveness of antipsychotics are strongly correlated with what?
Their affinity for dopamine receptors.
What are the two distinct dopaminergic projection symptoms
mesolimbic and nigrostrital
Long term potentiation is ______ specific.
Synapse.
Loss of function in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system underlies what disease.
Parkinsons
increase of function in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system MAY underlies what disease.
Schizophrenia
HM.
Epilepsy boy. Surgeon thought the seizures were in the MTL so he cut that shit out (including the hippocampus). Never had a seizure again but also never rememberedd anything after that.
Are memories stored in the medial temporal lobe?
No, but that area is very important to making new long-term explicit memories.
What part of the brain deals with emotional memory?
amygdala. There’s a published positive correlation between amygdala volume and the number of friends you have on Facebook Monkeys have social hierarchies. If the lead monkey has his amygdala lesioned, the social order breaks down.
Consolidation.
the transition from short-term memory to long-term memory. (If you give animals drugs that block their abilities to make new molecules (proteins), they can’t consolidate their memories. )
How do synapse “strengthen”?
by increasing the amount of receptors
Memory
is the ability to recall or recognize previous experience, which implies a mental representation (trace) of previous experience.
Learning
a change in an organism’s behavior as a result of experience.
What part of the brain mediates classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning behavior (motor behavior) is mediated by the cerebellum.
Fear conditioning (type of classical conditioning.)
involves using a fearful or aversive response as oppose to a neutral one. This type of emotional learning is mediated by the amygdala.
Are long term memories stored in specific cortical areas or distributed?
distributed
What determines which part of the cortex will receive and retrieve memory?
The part of the brain responsible for perceiving a stimuli is important for remembering it.
What area is important for short-term memory?
the frontal cortex
does the hippocampus receive info directly from primary cortex?
No
Where are place cells found?
the hippo campus
What neural systems underlay implicit memory?
When do place cells and grid cells fire?
at specific points in the enviroment
where are Grid cells found?
located in the entorhinal cortex
Whats hypothesiszed to contribute to the development of schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is highly heritable although its not monogenic. suggesting that there are genetic risk factors, but no causal genes. Brains of Schizophrenic paitents show consistent alterations in structure, including disorganized hippocampal neurons.
What does NMDA do for synaptic plasticitiy?
It communicates with other parts of the brain to create more AMPA receptors
