Action potentials. Thats all of neuroscience.

Question 1

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Answer 1

hallucinations, delusions and disordered thoughts

Question 2

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 2

blunted affect, lack of pleasure seeking and sociality, poverty of speech and lack of motivation.

Question 3

Type I Schizo…

Answer 3

Characterized by excess positive symptoms. It is likely that type 1 schizophrenia is due to a dopaminergic dysfunction. It is also associated with acute onset, good prognosis, and a favorable response to neuroleptics.

Question 4

Type II Schizo…

Answer 4

Characterized by excess negative symptoms. Its associated with associated with chronic affliction, poor prognosis, poor response to neuroleptics, cognitive impairments, enlarged ventricles, and cortical atrophy, particularly in the frontal cortex!

Question 5

What receptor seems to be important for symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 5

D2. Many antipsychotics are antagonists of D2 dopaminergic synapses. Specific drugs of abuse worsen symptoms of Schizophrenia, and work as agonists of D2 dopaminergic synapses.

Question 6

what is a neuroleptic?

Answer 6

another term for an antipsychotic.

Question 7

What do antipsychotics increase in animals?

Answer 7

the turnover of dopamine.

Question 8

Amphetamine

Answer 8

increases synaptic monoamines (including dopamine), and can cause psychosis

Question 9

The effectiveness of antipsychotics are strongly correlated with what?

Answer 9

Their affinity for dopamine receptors.

Question 10

What are the two distinct dopaminergic projection symptoms

Answer 10

mesolimbic and nigrostrital

Question 11

Long term potentiation is ______ specific.

Answer 11

Synapse.

Question 12

Loss of function in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system underlies what disease.

Answer 12

Parkinsons

Question 13

increase of function in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system MAY underlies what disease.

Answer 13

Schizophrenia

Question 14

HM.

Answer 14

Epilepsy boy. Surgeon thought the seizures were in the MTL so he cut that shit out (including the hippocampus). Never had a seizure again but also never rememberedd anything after that.

Question 15

Are memories stored in the medial temporal lobe?

Answer 15

No, but that area is very important to making new long-term explicit memories.

Question 16

What part of the brain deals with emotional memory?

Answer 16

amygdala. There’s a published positive correlation between amygdala volume and the number of friends you have on Facebook Monkeys have social hierarchies. If the lead monkey has his amygdala lesioned, the social order breaks down.

Question 17

Consolidation.

Answer 17

the transition from short-term memory to long-term memory. (If you give animals drugs that block their abilities to make new molecules (proteins), they can’t consolidate their memories. )

Question 18

How do synapse “strengthen”?

Answer 18

by increasing the amount of receptors

Question 19

Memory

Answer 19

is the ability to recall or recognize previous experience, which implies a mental representation (trace) of previous experience.

Question 20

Learning

Answer 20

a change in an organism’s behavior as a result of experience.

Question 21

What part of the brain mediates classical conditioning?

Answer 21

Classical conditioning behavior (motor behavior) is mediated by the cerebellum.

Question 22

Fear conditioning (type of classical conditioning.)

Answer 22

involves using a fearful or aversive response as oppose to a neutral one. This type of emotional learning is mediated by the amygdala.

Question 23

Are long term memories stored in specific cortical areas or distributed?

Answer 23

distributed

Question 24

What determines which part of the cortex will receive and retrieve memory?

Answer 24

The part of the brain responsible for perceiving a stimuli is important for remembering it.

Question 25

What area is important for short-term memory?

Answer 25

the frontal cortex

Question 26

does the hippocampus receive info directly from primary cortex?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

Where are place cells found?

Answer 27

the hippo campus

Question 28

What neural systems underlay implicit memory?

Answer 28

Question 29

When do place cells and grid cells fire?

Answer 29

at specific points in the enviroment

Question 30

where are Grid cells found?

Answer 30

located in the entorhinal cortex

Question 31

Whats hypothesiszed to contribute to the development of schizophrenia?

Answer 31

Schizophrenia is highly heritable although its not monogenic. suggesting that there are genetic risk factors, but no causal genes. Brains of Schizophrenic paitents show consistent alterations in structure, including disorganized hippocampal neurons.

Question 32

What does NMDA do for synaptic plasticitiy?

Answer 32

It communicates with other parts of the brain to create more AMPA receptors