ITP REVIEWER Flashcards
1
Q
they focus more on conscious choice and self-direction then unconscious processes
A
Neoanalysts
2
Q
Interpret length of lines based on experience
A
Müller-Lyer Illusion
3
Q
the large mass of the forebrain, which consists of two hemispheres.
A
Cerebrum
4
Q
Sensory stimulation that is below a person’s absolute threshold for conscious perception
A
Subliminal Stimulation
5
Q
stimulates growth of the female reproductive organs and prepares the uterus to maintain pregnancy.
A
Progesterone
6
Q
The adrenal cortex secretes hormones known as ________ These hormones regulate the heartbeat, increase resistance to stress, promote muscle development, and cause the liver to release stored sugar, making more energy available in emergencies, such as when you see another car veering toward your own.
A
corticosteroids, or cortical steroids.
7
Q
the tendency to perceive of an object as being the same size even as the size of its retinal images changes according to the object’s distance
A
size constancy
8
Q
essential factor in describing, explaining, predicting and controlling behavior.
A
Learning
9
Q
Some people are overweight because of ____________, a condition that results from too little thyroxin.
A
hypothyroidism
10
Q
a monocular cue for depth based on the perception that nearby objects appear to move more rapidly in relation to our own motion
A
motion parallax
11
Q
a bundle of axons from many neurons
A
nerves
12
Q
a binocular cue for depth based on the inward movement of the eyes as they attempt to focus of an object that is drawing nearer
A
convergence
13
Q
have adjustment problems but not serious psychological disorders
A
Counseling Psychology
14
Q
is a passageway that carries substances to specific locations.
A
duct
15
Q
study the behavior of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behavior.
A
Consumer Psychology
16
Q
also contributed to behaviorism. He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced.
A
B.F. Skinner
17
Q
areas of the cerebral cortex that are not primarily involved in sensation or motor activity
A
association areas
18
Q
founder of the school of functionalism
A
William James
19
Q
We are born with more than _______neurons, most of which are in the brain.We are born with more than 100 billion neurons, most of which are in the brain.
A
100 billion
20
Q
A group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum.
A
Limbic System
21
Q
A junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron
A
Synapse
22
Q
Could be considered the body’s accelerator. It produces thyroxin
A
Thyroid gland
23
Q
is undertaken because the researcher is interested in the research topic
A
pure research
24
Q
the fertilized egg cell that carries genetic messages from both parents
A
zygote
25
Perceive drawing as three-dimensional
Hering-Helmholtz Illusion
26
neurons that conduct neural impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells
bipolar cells
27
presbyopia from the Greek words _______
old man
eyes
28
a stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response
reinforcement
29
played a volume to low to consciously hear or played backward
Auditory stimuli
30
-having to do with mental processes
-study those things we refer to as a mind.
Cognitive Perspective
31
also has afferent and efferent neurons and regulates the glands and the muscles of internal organs
ANS (AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM)
32
a source of bias or error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not
volunteer bias
33
A part of a limbic system that apparently facilitates stereotypical aggressive responses.
Amygdala
34
Observe subjects in their natural environment
Naturalistic Observation
35
is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable behavior
Behaviorism
36
inborn, stereotyped behavior patterns that have apparently evolved because they help individuals adapt to the environment even before they can understand and purposefully manipulate the environment
REFLEXES
37
longest wavelength at about 700th billionths at a meter
red
38
study the behavior of people in organizations such as businesses.
Organizational Psychology
39
neurons whose axons form the optic nerve
ganglion cells
40
lies behind the temporal lobe and behind and below the parietal lobe
occipital lobe
41
the inborn, innate character of an organism
nature
42
what does psychologists do?
research, practice, teaching
43
is based on change of position relative to other objects
Perception of Motion
44
is the most active during processes that replenish reserves of energy, such as eating.
parasympathetic division
45
A method of detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp
electroencephalograph (EEG)
46
focuses on the contribution of genes to behavior
Behavioral genetics
47
The rate at which the body uses oxygen and produces energy.
Metabolism
48
Are responsible for the removal of dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, form myelin, and play a role in neural transmission of messages.
Glial Cells
49
studies mental health and the development of identity among Asians and Asian Americans
Richard M. Suinn
50
a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence
critical thinking
51
the theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red or green light, some to blue or yellow and some to the intensity of the light
Opponent-process Theory
52
-Neurons that transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands
-also called motor neurons.
Efferent Neurons
53
a study in which neither the subjects nor the observers know who has received the treatment
double-blind study
54
to ready a neuron for firing by creating an internal negative charge in relation to the body fluid outside the cell membrane
polarize
55
Perception of the parts leads to perception of the whole
Bottom-Up Processing
56
A part of the brain involved in attention, sleep, and arousal.
Reticular Formation
57
a number that varies from r = +1.00 to r=-1.00
correlation coefficient
58
reflect and absorb light selectively
Pigments
59
endogenous means
developing from within
60
the tendency to perceive of an object as being just as bright even though lighting conditions change its intensity
brightness constancy
61
a segment of population that must be drawn so that it accurately represents the population
sample
62
made a splendid mistake in the 1950. They were attempting to implant an electrode in a rat's reticular formation to see how stimulation of the area might affect learning
James Olds and Peter Milner
63
the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes
sociocultural perspective
64
A disruption in the ability to understand or produce language.
Aphasia
65
study the ways that people and the environment-the natural environment and the human-made environment
Environment Psychology
66
a sample drawn so that identifies subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.
stratified sample
67
An organ that secretes one or more chemical substances such as hormones, saliva or milk
gland
68
A bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, motivation and emotion.
Hypothalamus
69
four lobes
frontal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
70
the lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed
afterimage
71
respond to lines, color, textures, movement
visual
72
is an active process
Perception
73
Animals are used when research cannot be carried out with humans
Ethics of Research with Animals
74
a substance secreted by an endocrine gland that regulates various body functions
hormones
75
The section of cortex that lies in the frontal lobe, just across the central fissure from the sensory cortex; neural impulses in the motor cortex are linked to muscular responses throughout the body
Motor Cortex
76
Are rootlike structures, attached to the cell body of a neuron, that receive impulses, or incoming messages, from other neurons.
dendrites
77
cognitive in flavor, yet it emphasizes the role of subjective experience
Humanistic-Existential Perspective
78
who fought the male-centered bias and encouraged psychology to incorporate the values of the "new women"
Mary Whiton Calkins
79
a method of brain imaging that passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures the structures that reflect the beams from various angles, enabling a computer to generate a 3D image
computerized axial tomography (CAT OR CT scan)
80
the tendency to perceive of an object as being the same color even though lighting conditions change its appearance
Color constancy
81
conducted research that showed the negative effects of school segregation on African American children.
Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark
82
a monocular cue for depth based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher surfaces
texture gradient
83
2 main theories of color vision
Trichromatic Theory
Opponent-process Theory
84
applying psychological knowledge to help individuals change their behavior so that they can meet their own goals more effectively
practice psychology
85
the tendency to integrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns
perceptual organization
86
is an unlearned response to a stimulus that may require only two neurons
spinal reflex
87
views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing ethical conduct.
Existentialism
88
the tendency to perceive of an object as being the same shape although the retinal image varies in shape as it rotates
shape constancy
89
regulates the growth of muscles, bones, and glands.
growth hormone
90
Demonstrates cause and effect through scientific method
experimental method
91
Father of Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
92
are the most basic building blocks of heredity
genes
93
who proposed the opponent-process theory
Ewald Hering
94
the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system
sensation
95
translates roughly to "pattern" or "organized whole"
Gestalt
96
conducted a shocking experiment in a rainstorm.
Luigi Galvani
97
flashed too briefly to be processed
Visual stimuli
98
an imaging method that places a person in a magnetic field and uses radio waves to cause the brain to emit signals that reveal shifts in the flow of blood, which , when the brain is being scanned, indicate brain activity
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
99
a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effect may be observed
independent variable
100
2 types of photoreceptors
rods
cones
101
x and x sex chromosome
female
102
is produced elsewhere in the body.
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
103
a method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answers questions about their attitude or behavior
survey
104
each cell in the body contains ____ chromosomes arranged in ______ pairs
46
23
105
consists of sensory and motor neurons that transmit messages to and from the central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
106
muscle; colored part of the eye
Iris
107
Process occurs within a minute or so
Adaptation to bright light
108
focus on the relationships between people and work.
Industrial Psychology
109
psychology seeks to:
describe
explain
predict
control behavior and mental processes
110
give at least 5 principles of critical thinking
1. Be skeptical
2. Insist on evidence
3. Examine definitions of terms
4. Examine the assumptions or premises of arguments
5. Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence
6. Be especially skeptical of anecdotes
7. Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence
8. Do not oversimplify
9. Do not overgeneralize
10. Apply critical thinking to all areas of life
111
first female president of APA was
Mary Whiton Calkins
112
consists of the brain, the spinal cord and other parts that make it possible for us to receive information from the outside world and to act on the world
nervous system
113
sensations that give rise to misperceptions
illusions
114
Wavelength of light
Hue (color)
115
are large complex of DNA
chromosomes
116
Minimum difference in magnitude of two stimuli required to tell them apart
Difference Threshold
117
Spectrum of electromagnetic energy
light
118
A neurotransmitter whose action is similar to that of the hormone epinephrine and that may play a role in depression.
Norepinephrine
119
has edited a journal on multicultural mental health
Lillian-Comas Diaz
120
The gland that secretes growth hormone, prolactin, antidiuretic hormone, and other hormones.
Pituitary Gland
121
stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment and the centra roles of consciousness.
Humanism
122
first demonstrated the tightly wound structure of DNA
James Watson
Francis Crick
123
are located in sensory organs such as the eyes and ears, the skin, and elsewhere in the body
sensory receptors
124
nearness; the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one to another
proximity
125
The maintenance of steady states requires feedback of bodily information to glands.
negative feedback loop
126
People who produce too much thyroxin may develop ______, which is characterized by excitability, insomnia, and weight loss.
hyperthyroidism
127
A structure of the hindbrain involved in respiration, attention, and sleep and arousal.
pons
128
identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior.
Personality Psychology
129
-The body’s central processing unit
-consists of the spinal cord and the brain
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
130
referring to traits that are influenced by combinations of genes
polygenic
131
Argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws. Subject matter by it, sensation and perception, thought, intelligence, needs and motives, feelings and emotion, and memory.
Aristotle
132
comparing the children who have been separated from their parents at an early age reared in different environments
Adaption studies
133
x and y sex chromosome
male
134
grayish neurons and neural segments that are involved in spinal reflexes
Gray matter
135
regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals such as rats and stimulates production of milk in women
prolactin
136
school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.
Gestalt Psychology
137
the nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain
optic nerve
138
in experiment, group whose members obtain the treatment
experimental groups
139
An inhibitory neurotransmitter that apparently helps calm anxiety.
Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
140
an area near the center of the retina that is dense with cones and where vision is consequently most acute
fovea
141
the mixture of pigments is ______
subtractive
142
The electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of neuron.
Action Potential
143
help us to perceive the depth of objects
monocular and binocular cues
144
are ways in which psychologists compare the presence of traits and behavior patterns in people who are biologically related to or unrelated to help determine the role of genetic in their occurrence
Kinship Studies
145
the mixture of light is ______
additive
146
MZ twins share the same genetic code; also called _____
identical twins
147
study of scientific behavior and mental processes
psychology
148
located above the kidneys, have an outer layer, or cortex, and an inner core, or medulla.
adrenal glands
149
The body’s system of ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream.
Endocrine System
150
are directly involved in reproduction and include the increased size of the penis and the sperm-producing ability of the testes.
Primary sex characteristics
151
was among the first to show how intelligence tests are culturally biased.
Jorge Sanchez
152
contains sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons. It transmits messages about sights, sounds, smells, temperature and so on.
Somatic Nervous System
153
Positive adaptation – Process by which we become more sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude
Sensitization
154
secretes the hormone melatonin
The pineal gland
155
Green-blue side of color wheel
cool
156
To reduce the resting potential of a cell membrane from about 70 millivolts toward zero
Depolarized
157
which affects the body’s metabolism.
thyroxin
158
latin for cerebellum
little brain
159
look for the absolute thresholds of the senses by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until they find the minimum stimuli that the person can detect 50% if the time.
Psychophysicists
160
theories
-propose reason for relationships among events
-derive explanations
-make predictions
161
-opening in the iris
-Sensitive to light and emotion
pupil
162
the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations
visible light
163
latin for Corpus Callosum
hard body
164
sharpness of vision
visual acuity
165
Influence of unconscious ideas and conflicts that originate in childhood
psychoanalysis
166
Partial color blindness
Dichromat
167
the color of the light, as determined by its wavelength
hue
168
are only trillionths of an inch long
Cosmic rays
169
the founder of structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
170
Totally color blind or who is sensitive to black and white only
Monochromat
171
a simple, unlearned response to a stimulus that may involve only two neurons
Spinal reflex
172
is a "true information superhighway"- a column of nerves within the spine that transmits messages from sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to muscles and glands throughout the body
Spinal cord
173
make it possible for our eyes to play trick on us
visual illusions
174
refers to the processes by which we become more sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude and less sensitive to stimuli that remain the same.
Sensory Adaptation
175
published his landmark book Elements of Psychophysics which showed how physical events are related to psychological sensation and perception
Gustav Theodor Fechner
176
axon terminal buttons contains sacs of chemicals called
neurotransmitters
177
an active process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world
perception
178
A neurotransmitter involved in emotional arousal and sleep; deficiencies of serotonin have been linked to eating disorders, alcoholism, depression, aggression, and insomnia.
Serotonin
179
experience cannot be broken down into objective sensations and feelings as the structuralist maintained.
Functionalism
180
-saw in Young's discovery an explanation of color vision
-he suggested that retina in the eye must have 3 different types of color photoreceptors or cones
Hermann von Helmholtz
181
A fatty substance that encases and insulates axons, facilitating transmission of neural impulses.
Myelin
182
part of the nervous system consisting of the semantic and the autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
183
A part of the hindbrain involved in muscle coordination and balance.
Cerebellum
184
one's actual development and appearance, as based on one's genotype and environmental influences
phenotype
185
cells that respond to light
photoreceptors
186
is a mechanical process
Sensation
187
study the changes-physical, cognitive, social, and emotional-that occur throughout the lifespan.
Developmental Psychology
188
lies between the visual cortex and Wernicke's area. It translates visual information, as in perceiving written words, into auditory information and sends it on to a Wernicke's area.
angular gyrus
189
part of the maturation process that leads to a child's ability to crawl and walk during the first year
myelination
190
allows us to predict behavior
satisfactory psychological theory
191
-Three types of cones
-Respond to red, green, or blue
Trichromatic Theory
192
a muscular membrane whose dilation regulates the amount of the light that enters the eye
iris
193
Perception of the whole followed by perception of the parts
Top-Down Processing
194
specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception.
Experimental Psychology
195
a mathematical method of determining whether one variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases
correlational method
196
-Focuses on the influence of differences among people on behavior and mental processes
-Ethnicity, gender, culture, socioeconomic status
Sociocultural Perspectives
197
is connected with hallucinations and disturbances of thought and emotion
overutilization
198
compare the presence of traits and behavior in patterns in MZ twin, DZ twins and other people to helps determine the role of genetic factors
Twin Studies
199
who used the term Absolute Threshold
Gustav Fechner
200
a transparent body behind the iris that focuses an image on the retina
lens
201
a bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine
placebo
202
A neurotransmitter that controls muscle contraction
Acetylcholine (ACh)
203
he found that people with split brains whose eyes are closed may be able to verbally describe an object
Michael Gazzaniga
204
it means taking nothing for granted-not believe things just because they are in print or because they were uttered by authority figures or celebrities
critical thinking
205
the measured results or outcomes in an experiment
dependent variable
206
the 23rd pair of chromosomes, whose genetic material determines the sex of the individual
sex chromosomes
207
Neurons that respond to different aspects of features
Feature Detectors
208
help people with psychological disorders adjusts to demands of life.
Clinical Psychology
209
2 hemispheres
left and right
210
an association or relationship among variables, as we might find between height and weight or between study habits and school grades
correlation
211
such as the presence of a beard and a deeper voice, differentiate males from females but are not directly involved in reproduction.
Secondary sex characteristics
212
A neurotransmitter that affects the ability to perceive pleasure, voluntary movement, and learning and memory; it is involved in Parkinson’s disease and appears to play a role in schizophrenia.
Dopamine
213
2 types of glands
glands with ducts
glands without ducts
214
-The process of by which neural impulses travel is electrochemical.
-Chemical changes take place within neurons that cause an electrical charge to be transmitted along their lengths.
ELECTROCHEMICAL VOYAGE
215
genes are segments of ________
chromosomes
216
has no immediate application to personal or social problems.
Pure research
217
the fraction of intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived
Weber's Constant
218
a visual illusion in which the perception of motion is generated by a series of stationary images that are presented in rapid succession
stroboscopic motion
219
a participant's agreement to participate in research after receiving about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments
informed consent
220
a column of nerves within the spine that transmits messages from sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to muscles and glands throughout the body
Spinal cord
221
introduced the method of paired associates to study memory .
Mary Whiton Calkins
222
An oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration
Medulla
223
Thyroxin deficiency in children can lead to ______, a condition characterized by stunted growth and mental retardation.
cretinism
224
axon bundles that carry messages to and from the brain
White matter
225
attempted to break conscious experience down into objective and subjective
Structuralism
226
characterized by confusion and false perceptions and it has been linked to dopamine
schizophrenia
227
Process used to organize sensory impressions caused by the light that strikes our eyes
Visual Perception
228
the view that the perception of sensory stimuli involves the interaction of physical, biological, and psychological factors
signal-detection theory
229
a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn
population
230
a source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study.
selection factor
231
Pons is the Latin word for ________
bridge
232
he suggested that we could think of behavior in terms of a body and mind (interaction of biological and mental processes).
Democritus
233
seek the relationships between the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution
Biological Perspective
234
-Neurons that transmit messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain
-also called sensory neurons.
Afferent Neurons
235
temporary disturbances of brain functions that involve sudden neural discharges
epilepsy
236
photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light
rods
237
form of a double helix-a twisting molecular ladder and contains the genetic code
DNA
238
descriptive of colors of the spectrum that when combined produce white or nearly white light
contemporary
239
James was also influenced by Charles Darwin _______
Theory of Evolution
240
identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human traits and determine influences on human thoughts, processes and feeling and behavior.
Personality Psychology
241
The wrinkled surface area (gray matter) of the cerebrum.
Cerebral Cortex
242
refers to the culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity
gender
243
3 founders of Gestalt Psychology
Max Wertheimer
Kurt Koffka
Wolfgang Kohler
244
the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole
closure
245
are employed by school systems identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with learning.
School Psychology
246
is a statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research
hypothesis
247
behind central fissure
parietal lobe
248
are specialized cells of the nervous systems that conduct impulses
neurons
249
A location on a dendrite of a receiving neuron tailored to receive a neurotransmitter.
Receptor Site
250
Used to collect information that cannot be observed directly
survey
251
are electrochemical discharge of a nerve cell or neuron.
Neural Impulses
252
the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are similar in appearance
similarity
253
a set of hypothesized statements about the relationships among events
Theory
254
to explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant
debrief
255
discovered that sunlight could be broken down into different colors by means off a triangular solid of glass called prism
Sir Isaac Newton
256
are secreted by the adrenal medulla.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
257
– respond to pitch, loudness, etc.
auditory
258
has shown that our memories are not snapshots of the past.
Elizabeth Loftus
259
help athletes concentrate on their performance and not on the crowd
Sport Psychology
260
Yellow-orange-red side of color wheel
warm
261
2 binoculars cues
retinal disparity
convergence
262
The fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered.The fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered.
All-or-none Principle
263
which is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems.
Applied Research
264
Process of adjusting to lower lighting
Dark adaptation
265
is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal glands,
Epinephrine/adrenaline
266
lies in front of the central fissure
frontal lobe
267
a condition characterized by brittleness of the lens
presbyopia
268
many contemporary psychologists study the effects of experience on behavior
perspective on learning
269
the electrical potential across the neural membrane when it is not responding to other neurons
resting potential
270
cortex is a Latin word meaning ______
bark
271
are concerned with the nature and causes of individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations.
Social Psychology
272
A language disorder characterized by slow, laborious speech
Broca’s Aphasia
273
revolutionized our understanding of attachment between parents and children by means of her cross-cultural studies
Mary Salter Ainsworth
274
study effects of stress on health problems such as headaches, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
Health Psychology
275
in experiment, group whose members do not obtain the treatment
control groups
276
according to him, each hemisphere may have a "mind of its own"
Joseph Bogen
277
twins that develop from a single fertilized ovum that divides in two early in prenatal development
Monozygotic (MZ) twins
278
Negative adaptation – Process by which we become less sensitive to stimuli that remains the same
Desensitization
279
the tendency to perceive elements that move together as belonging together
common fate
280
lesioned part of the amygdala of a rhesus monkey
Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy
281
established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
Wilhelm Wundt
282
studies the ways in which adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior
evolutionary psychology
283
A thick fiber bundle that connects the hemispheres of the cortex.
Corpus Callosum
284
the area or biology that focuses on heredity
genetics
285
A structure of the brain that is involved in memory formation.
Hippocampus
286
a binocular cue for depth based on the difference in the image cast by an object on the retinas of the eyes as the object moves closer or farther away
retinal disparity
287
Trichromatic Theory is based on an experiment conducted by ______
Thomas Young
288
people who have to be unusually close to an object to discriminate its details are ______
nearsighted
289
Bend the colors of the spectrum into a circle
Color Wheel
290
The section of cortex in which sensory stimulation is projected, it lies just behind the central fissure in the parietal lobe.
Somatosensory Cortex
291
Inhibitory neurotransmitters that occur naturally in the brain and in the bloodstream and are similar to the narcotic morphine in their functions and effects.
Endorphins
292
Degree of brightness or darkness
Value
293
the sum total of the environmental factors that affect an organism from conception onward
nurture
294
lies below the side or lateral fissure-across from the frontal and parietal lobes
temporal lobe
295
is the most active during processes that involve spending body energy from stored reserves, such as fight or flight response to a predator
sympathetic division
296
what year Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory
1879
297
Intensity of color
Saturation
298
a monocular cue for depth based on the convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance
perspective
299
is a system of nerves involved in thought processes, heartbeat, visual-motor coordination, and so on.
nervous system
300
focused on the relation between conscious experience and behavior.
Functionalism
301
careful examination of one's own thoughts and emotions - to gain self-knowledge.
introspection
302
is an organized way of using experience and testing ideas to expand and refine knowledge.
scientific method
303
the tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity
continuity
304
photoreceptors that transmits sensation of colors
cones
305
the transmission of traits from parent to offspring by means of genes
heredity
306
endorphin is the contraction of _____
endogenous morphine
307
a microscopic rod-shaped body in the cell nucleus carrying genes that transmits hereditary traits from generation to generation
chromosomes
308
they dissolve into gray
mix complementary colors
309
attempt to facilitate learning but they usually focus on course planning and instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children.
Education Psychology
310
is the placing of one object in front of another
overlapping
311
A long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons form bulb-shaped structures
Axon
312
the minimal amount by which a source of energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived
JND/ Just Noticeable Difference
313
the area of the retina where axons from ganglion cells meet to form the optic nerve
blind spot
314
stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes
binocular cues
315
2 famous neoanalysts that focused less on unconscious processes and more conscious choice and self-direction.
Karen Horney
Erik Erikson
316
Ambiguous, unstable figures
Figure – Ground Perception
317
A language disorder characterized by difficulty comprehending the meaning of spoken language.
Wernicke’s Aphasia
318
Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be distinguished from no stimulus at all
Absolute Threshold
319
a method of brain imaging that injects a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream and assesses activity of parts of the brain according to the amount of glucose they metabolize
positron emission tomography (PET SCAN)
320
our literally the windows of the world
eyes
321
shortest wavelength at about 400th billionths of a meter
violet
322
is regulated by the pituitary hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone).
adrenal cortex
323
twins that developed from two fertilized ova and who are thus as closely related as brothers and sisters in general; also called fraternal twins
Dizygotic (DZ) twins
324
stimuli suggestive of depth that can be perceived with only one eye
monocular cues
325
people who see distant objects unusually clearly but have difficulty on focusing nearby
farsighted
326
the master has a commander
hypothalamus
327
a condition that caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair characterized by mental deficiency, a broad face and slanting eyes
down syndrome
328
extend for miles
Radio waves
329
suggest that people can modify and create their environments. They also grant cognition key role. They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.
Social-cognitive theory
330
apply psychology to the criminal justice system.
Forensic Psychology
331
2 BRANCHES OF ANS
sympathetic
parasympathetic
332
they discovered that electrical stimulation of the reticular formation of a sleeping cat caused it to awaken at once.
Giuseppe Moruzzi and Horace Magoun
333
a group of drugs used in treatment of schizophrenia, inhibit the action of dopamine by blocking some dopamine receptors
phenothiazines
334
a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered by a particular stimulus and nearly identical among members of a species, even when they are reared in isolation
instinct
335
-lies below the hypothalamus.
-Although the pituitary is only about the size of pea, it is so central to the body’s functioning that it has been dubbed the “master gland.”
Pituitary Gland
336
which helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle and may affect the onset of puberty.
melatonin
337
one's genetic makeup, based on the sequencing of the nucleotides we term A, C, G and T
genotype
338
a form of MRI that enables researches to observe the brain "while it works" by taking repeated scans
FUNCTIONAL MRI (fMRI)
339
A synapse consists of an axon terminal from the transmitting neuron, a dendrite, or the body of a receiving neuron, and a fluid-filled gap between the two that is called the _____
synaptic cleft
340
inhibits production of urine when the body's fluid levels are low
vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
341
a person with normal vision
trichromat
342
the black-looking opening in the center of the iris, through which light enters the eye
pupil
343
the highness or lowness of a sound, as determined by the frequency of the sound waves
pitch
344
transparent tissue forming the outer surface of the eyeball
cornea
345
Are chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another.
Neurotransmitters
346
Colors across from one another on color wheel
Complementary Colors
347
a sample drawn so that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate
random sample
348
stimulates labor in pregnant women and is connected with maternal behavior
Oxytocin
349
An area near the center of the brain involved in the relay of sensory information to the cortex and in functions of sleep and attention.
Thalamus
350
fosters female reproductive capacity and secondary sex characteristics such as accumulation of fatty tissue in the breasts and hips.
estrogen
351
is the source of all colors
Light
352
About ____ weeks after conception, the male sex hormone testosterone causes the male’s sex organs to develop. In fact, if it were not for the secretion of testosterone at this time, we would all develop the external genital organs of females.
six
353
Gather information about individuals or small groups
Case Study
354
axons ends in small, bulb-shaped structures called
axon terminals or terminal buttons
