Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Prelims > ITP REVIEWER > Flashcards

ITP REVIEWER Flashcards

1
Q

they focus more on conscious choice and self-direction then unconscious processes​

A

Neoanalysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Interpret length of lines based on experience​

A

Müller-Lyer Illusion​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the large mass of the forebrain, which consists of two hemispheres.​

A

Cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sensory stimulation that is below a person’s absolute threshold for conscious perception​

A

Subliminal Stimulation​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

stimulates growth of the female reproductive organs and prepares the uterus to maintain pregnancy. ​

A

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes hormones known as ________ These hormones regulate the heartbeat, increase resistance to stress, promote muscle development, and cause the liver to release stored sugar, making more energy available in emergencies, such as when you see another car veering toward your own.​

A

corticosteroids, or cortical steroids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the tendency to perceive of an object as being the same size even as the size of its retinal images changes according to the object’s distance

A

size constancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

essential factor in describing, explaining, predicting and controlling behavior.

A

Learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Some people are overweight because of ____________, a condition that results from too little thyroxin.​

A

hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a monocular cue for depth based on the perception that nearby objects appear to move more rapidly in relation to our own motion

A

motion parallax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a bundle of axons from many neurons

A

nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

a binocular cue for depth based on the inward movement of the eyes as they attempt to focus of an object that is drawing nearer

A

convergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

have adjustment problems but not serious psychological disorders

A

Counseling Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

is a passageway that carries substances to specific locations.

A

duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

study the behavior of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behavior.

A

Consumer Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

also contributed to behaviorism. He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced.

A

B.F. Skinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not primarily involved in sensation or motor activity

A

association areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

founder of the school of functionalism

A

William James

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

We are born with more than _______neurons, most of which are in the brain.​We are born with more than 100 billion neurons, most of which are in the brain.​

A

100 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum.​

A

Limbic System​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron​

A

Synapse​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Could be considered the body’s accelerator. It produces thyroxin

A

Thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

is undertaken because the researcher is interested in the research topic

A

pure research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the fertilized egg cell that carries genetic messages from both parents

A

zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Perceive drawing as three-dimensional​

A

Hering-Helmholtz Illusion​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

neurons that conduct neural impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells

A

bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

presbyopia from the Greek words _______

A

old man
eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

a stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response

A

reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

played a volume to low to consciously hear or played backward​

A

Auditory stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

-having to do with mental processes
-study those things we refer to as a mind.

A

Cognitive Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

also has afferent and efferent neurons and regulates the glands and the muscles of internal organs

A

ANS (AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

a source of bias or error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not

A

volunteer bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

A part of a limbic system that apparently facilitates stereotypical aggressive responses.

A

Amygdala​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Observe subjects in their natural environment​

A

Naturalistic Observation​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable behavior

A

Behaviorism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

inborn, stereotyped behavior patterns that have apparently evolved because they help individuals adapt to the environment even before they can understand and purposefully manipulate the environment​

A

REFLEXES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

longest wavelength at about 700th billionths at a meter

A

red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

study the behavior of people in organizations such as businesses.

A

Organizational Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

neurons whose axons form the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

lies behind the temporal lobe and behind and below the parietal lobe

A

occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

the inborn, innate character of an organism

A

nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what does psychologists do?

A

research, practice, teaching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

is based on change of position relative to other objects​

A

Perception of Motion​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

is the most active during processes that replenish reserves of energy, such as eating.

A

parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

A method of detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp

A

electroencephalograph (EEG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

focuses on the contribution of genes to behavior

A

Behavioral genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The rate at which the body uses oxygen and produces energy.​

A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Are responsible for the removal of dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, form myelin, and play a role in neural transmission of messages.​

A

Glial Cells​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

studies mental health and the development of identity among Asians and Asian Americans

A

Richard M. Suinn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence

A

critical thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

the theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red or green light, some to blue or yellow and some to the intensity of the light

A

Opponent-process Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

-Neurons that transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands​
-also called motor neurons.​

A

Efferent Neurons ​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

a study in which neither the subjects nor the observers know who has received the treatment

A

double-blind study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

to ready a neuron for firing by creating an internal negative charge in relation to the body fluid outside the cell membrane

A

polarize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Perception of the parts leads to perception of the whole​

A

Bottom-Up Processing​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

A part of the brain involved in attention, sleep, and arousal.​

A

Reticular Formation​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

a number that varies from r = +1.00 to r=-1.00

A

correlation coefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

reflect and absorb light selectively​

A

Pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

endogenous means

A

developing from within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

the tendency to perceive of an object as being just as bright even though lighting conditions change its intensity

A

brightness constancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

a segment of population that must be drawn so that it accurately represents the population

A

sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

made a splendid mistake in the 1950. They were attempting to implant an electrode in a rat’s reticular formation to see how stimulation of the area might affect learning

A

James Olds and Peter Milner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes

A

sociocultural perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

A disruption in the ability to understand or produce language.​

A

Aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

study the ways that people and the environment-the natural environment and the human-made environment

A

Environment Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

a sample drawn so that identifies subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.

A

stratified sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

An organ that secretes one or more chemical substances such as hormones, saliva or milk

A

gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

A bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, motivation and emotion.​

A

Hypothalamus​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

four lobes

A

frontal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

the lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed

A

afterimage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

respond to lines, color, textures, movement​

A

visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

is an active process​

A

Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Animals are used when research cannot be carried out with humans

A

Ethics of Research with Animals​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

a substance secreted by an endocrine gland that regulates various body functions

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

The section of cortex that lies in the frontal lobe, just across the central fissure from the sensory cortex; neural impulses in the motor cortex are linked to muscular responses throughout the body​

A

Motor Cortex​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Are rootlike structures, attached to the cell body of a neuron, that receive impulses, or incoming messages, from other neurons.​

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

cognitive in flavor, yet it emphasizes the role of subjective experience

A

Humanistic-Existential Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

who fought the male-centered bias and encouraged psychology to incorporate the values of the “new women”

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

a method of brain imaging that passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures the structures that reflect the beams from various angles, enabling a computer to generate a 3D image

A

computerized axial tomography (CAT OR CT scan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

the tendency to perceive of an object as being the same color even though lighting conditions change its appearance

A

Color constancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

conducted research that showed the negative effects of school segregation on African American children.

A

Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

a monocular cue for depth based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher surfaces

A

texture gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

2 main theories of color vision

A

Trichromatic Theory​
Opponent-process Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

applying psychological knowledge to help individuals change their behavior so that they can meet their own goals more effectively

A

practice psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

the tendency to integrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns

A

perceptual organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

is an unlearned response to a stimulus that may require only two neurons

A

spinal reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing ethical conduct.

A

Existentialism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

the tendency to perceive of an object as being the same shape although the retinal image varies in shape as it rotates

A

shape constancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

regulates the growth of muscles, bones, and glands.​

A

growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Demonstrates cause and effect through scientific method​

A

experimental method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Father of Psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

are the most basic building blocks of heredity

A

genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

who proposed the opponent-process theory

A

Ewald Hering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system

A

sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

translates roughly to “pattern” or “organized whole”

A

Gestalt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

conducted a shocking experiment in a rainstorm.

A

Luigi Galvani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

flashed too briefly to be processed​

A

Visual stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

an imaging method that places a person in a magnetic field and uses radio waves to cause the brain to emit signals that reveal shifts in the flow of blood, which , when the brain is being scanned, indicate brain activity

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effect may be observed

A

independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

2 types of photoreceptors

A

rods
cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

x and x sex chromosome

A

female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

is produced elsewhere in the body.

A

norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

a method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answers questions about their attitude or behavior

A

survey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

each cell in the body contains ____ chromosomes arranged in ______ pairs

A

46
23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

consists of sensory and motor neurons that transmit messages to and from the central nervous system

A

peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

muscle; colored part of the eye​

A

Iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Process occurs within a minute or so​

A

Adaptation to bright light​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

focus on the relationships between people and work.

A

Industrial Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

psychology seeks to:

A

describe
explain
predict
control behavior and mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

give at least 5 principles of critical thinking

A
  1. Be skeptical​
  2. Insist on evidence​
  3. Examine definitions of terms​
  4. Examine the assumptions or premises of arguments​
  5. Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence​
  6. Be especially skeptical of anecdotes
  7. Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence
  8. Do not oversimplify
  9. Do not overgeneralize
  10. Apply critical thinking to all areas of life

​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

first female president of APA was

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

consists of the brain, the spinal cord and other parts that make it possible for us to receive information from the outside world and to act on the world

A

nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

sensations that give rise to misperceptions

A

illusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Wavelength of light​

A

Hue (color)​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

are large complex of DNA

A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Minimum difference in magnitude of two stimuli required to tell them apart​

A

Difference Threshold​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Spectrum of electromagnetic energy​

A

light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

A neurotransmitter whose action is similar to that of the hormone epinephrine and that may play a role in depression.​

A

Norepinephrine​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

has edited a journal on multicultural mental health

A

Lillian-Comas Diaz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

The gland that secretes growth hormone, prolactin, antidiuretic hormone, and other hormones.​

A

Pituitary Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment and the centra roles of consciousness.

A

Humanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

first demonstrated the tightly wound structure of DNA

A

James Watson
Francis Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

are located in sensory organs such as the eyes and ears, the skin, and elsewhere in the body

A

sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

nearness; the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one to another

A

proximity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

The maintenance of steady states requires feedback of bodily information to glands.

A

negative feedback loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

People who produce too much thyroxin may develop ______, which is characterized by excitability, insomnia, and weight loss.​

A

hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

A structure of the hindbrain involved in respiration, attention, and sleep and arousal.​

A

pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior.

A

Personality Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

-The body’s central processing unit​
-consists of the spinal cord and the brain​

A

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

referring to traits that are influenced by combinations of genes

A

polygenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws. Subject matter by it, sensation and perception, thought, intelligence, needs and motives, feelings and emotion, and memory. ​

A

Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

comparing the children who have been separated from their parents at an early age reared in different environments

A

Adaption studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

x and y sex chromosome

A

male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

grayish neurons and neural segments that are involved in spinal reflexes ​

A

Gray matter​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals such as rats and stimulates production of milk in women

A

prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.

A

Gestalt Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

the nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

in experiment, group whose members obtain the treatment

A

experimental groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

An inhibitory neurotransmitter that apparently helps calm anxiety.​

A

Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

an area near the center of the retina that is dense with cones and where vision is consequently most acute

A

fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

the mixture of pigments is ______

A

subtractive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

The electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of neuron.​

A

Action Potential ​

143
Q

help us to perceive the depth of objects

A

monocular and binocular cues

144
Q

are ways in which psychologists compare the presence of traits and behavior patterns in people who are biologically related to or unrelated to help determine the role of genetic in their occurrence

A

Kinship Studies

145
Q

the mixture of light is ______

A

additive

146
Q

MZ twins share the same genetic code; also called _____

A

identical twins

147
Q

study of scientific behavior and mental processes

A

psychology

148
Q

located above the kidneys, have an outer layer, or cortex, and an inner core, or medulla.​

A

adrenal glands

149
Q

The body’s system of ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine System​

150
Q

are directly involved in reproduction and include the increased size of the penis and the sperm-producing ability of the testes.​

A

Primary sex characteristics

151
Q

was among the first to show how intelligence tests are culturally biased.

A

Jorge Sanchez

152
Q

contains sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons. It transmits messages about sights, sounds, smells, temperature and so on.

A

Somatic Nervous System

153
Q

Positive adaptation – Process by which we become more sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude​

A

Sensitization

154
Q

secretes the hormone melatonin

A

The pineal gland

155
Q

Green-blue side of color wheel

A

cool​

156
Q

To reduce the resting potential of a cell membrane from about 70 millivolts toward zero​

A

Depolarized​

157
Q

which affects the body’s metabolism.​

A

thyroxin

158
Q

latin for cerebellum

A

little brain

159
Q

look for the absolute thresholds of the senses by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until they find the minimum stimuli that the person can detect 50% if the time. ​

A

Psychophysicists

160
Q

theories

A

-propose reason for relationships among events
-derive explanations
-make predictions

161
Q

-opening in the iris​
-Sensitive to light and emotion

A

pupil

162
Q

the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations

A

visible light

163
Q

latin for Corpus Callosum

A

hard body

164
Q

sharpness of vision

A

visual acuity

165
Q

Influence of unconscious ideas and conflicts that originate in childhood​

A

psychoanalysis

166
Q

Partial color blindness​

A

Dichromat

167
Q

the color of the light, as determined by its wavelength

A

hue

168
Q

are only trillionths of an inch long​

A

Cosmic rays

169
Q

the founder of structuralism

A

Wilhelm Wundt

170
Q

Totally color blind​ or who is sensitive to black and white only

A

Monochromat

171
Q

a simple, unlearned response to a stimulus that may involve only two neurons​

A

Spinal reflex

172
Q

is a “true information superhighway”- a column of nerves within the spine that transmits messages from sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to muscles and glands throughout the body ​

A

Spinal cord

173
Q

make it possible for our eyes to play trick on us

A

visual illusions

174
Q

refers to the processes by which we become more sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude and less sensitive to stimuli that remain the same.

A

Sensory Adaptation​

175
Q

published his landmark book Elements of Psychophysics which showed how physical events are related to psychological sensation and perception

A

Gustav Theodor Fechner

176
Q

axon terminal buttons contains sacs of chemicals called

A

neurotransmitters

177
Q

an active process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world

A

perception

178
Q

A neurotransmitter involved in emotional arousal and sleep; deficiencies of serotonin have been linked to eating disorders, alcoholism, depression, aggression, and insomnia.​

A

Serotonin​

179
Q

experience cannot be broken down into objective sensations and feelings as the structuralist maintained.

A

Functionalism

180
Q

-saw in Young’s discovery an explanation of color vision

-he suggested that retina in the eye must have 3 different types of color photoreceptors or cones

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

181
Q

A fatty substance that encases and insulates axons, facilitating transmission of neural impulses.​

A

Myelin

182
Q

part of the nervous system consisting of the semantic and the autonomic nervous system

A

peripheral nervous system

183
Q

A part of the hindbrain involved in muscle coordination and balance.​

A

Cerebellum​

184
Q

one’s actual development and appearance, as based on one’s genotype and environmental influences

A

phenotype

185
Q

cells that respond to light

A

photoreceptors

186
Q

is a mechanical process​

A

Sensation

187
Q

study the changes-physical, cognitive, social, and emotional-that occur throughout the lifespan.

A

Developmental Psychology

188
Q

lies between the visual cortex and Wernicke’s area. It translates visual information, as in perceiving written words, into auditory information and sends it on to a Wernicke’s area.

A

angular gyrus

189
Q

part of the maturation process that leads to a child’s ability to crawl and walk during the first year

A

myelination

190
Q

allows us to predict behavior

A

satisfactory psychological theory

191
Q

-Three types of cones ​

-Respond to red, green, or blue​

A

Trichromatic Theory​

192
Q

a muscular membrane whose dilation regulates the amount of the light that enters the eye

A

iris

193
Q

Perception of the whole followed by perception of the parts​

A

Top-Down Processing​

194
Q

specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception.

A

Experimental Psychology

195
Q

a mathematical method of determining whether one variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases

A

correlational method

196
Q

-Focuses on the influence of differences among people on behavior and mental processes​

-Ethnicity, gender, culture, socioeconomic status​

A

Sociocultural Perspective​s

197
Q

is connected with hallucinations and disturbances of thought and emotion

A

overutilization

198
Q

compare the presence of traits and behavior in patterns in MZ twin, DZ twins and other people to helps determine the role of genetic factors

A

Twin Studies

199
Q

who used the term Absolute Threshold​

A

Gustav Fechner

200
Q

a transparent body behind the iris that focuses an image on the retina

A

lens

201
Q

a bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine

A

placebo

202
Q

A neurotransmitter that controls muscle contraction​

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

203
Q

he found that people with split brains whose eyes are closed may be able to verbally describe an object

A

Michael Gazzaniga

204
Q

it means taking nothing for granted-not believe things just because they are in print or because they were uttered by authority figures or celebrities

A

critical thinking

205
Q

the measured results or outcomes in an experiment

A

dependent variable

206
Q

the 23rd pair of chromosomes, whose genetic material determines the sex of the individual

A

sex chromosomes

207
Q

Neurons that respond to different aspects of features​

A

Feature Detectors​

208
Q

help people with psychological disorders adjusts to demands of life.

A

Clinical Psychology

209
Q

2 hemispheres

A

left and right

210
Q

an association or relationship among variables, as we might find between height and weight or between study habits and school grades

A

correlation

211
Q

such as the presence of a beard and a deeper voice, differentiate males from females but are not directly involved in reproduction.​

A

Secondary sex characteristics

212
Q

A neurotransmitter that affects the ability to perceive pleasure, voluntary movement, and learning and memory; it is involved in Parkinson’s disease and appears to play a role in schizophrenia.​

A

Dopamine

213
Q

2 types of glands

A

glands with ducts
glands without ducts

214
Q

-The process of by which neural impulses travel is electrochemical.​

-Chemical changes take place within neurons that cause an electrical charge to be transmitted along their lengths.​

A

ELECTROCHEMICAL​ VOYAGE​

215
Q

genes are segments of ________

A

chromosomes

216
Q

has no immediate application to personal or social problems.

A

Pure research

217
Q

the fraction of intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived

A

Weber’s Constant

218
Q

a visual illusion in which the perception of motion is generated by a series of stationary images that are presented in rapid succession

A

stroboscopic motion

219
Q

a participant’s agreement to participate in research after receiving about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments

A

informed consent

220
Q

a column of nerves within the spine that transmits messages from sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to muscles and glands throughout the body ​

A

Spinal cord​

221
Q

introduced the method of paired associates to study memory .

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

222
Q

An oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration​

A

Medulla

223
Q

Thyroxin deficiency in children can lead to ______, a condition characterized by stunted growth and mental retardation.​

A

cretinism

224
Q

axon bundles that carry messages to and from the brain

A

White matter ​

225
Q

attempted to break conscious experience down into objective and subjective

A

Structuralism

226
Q

characterized by confusion and false perceptions and it has been linked to dopamine

A

schizophrenia

227
Q

Process used to organize sensory impressions caused by the light that strikes our eyes​

A

Visual Perception​

228
Q

the view that the perception of sensory stimuli involves the interaction of physical, biological, and psychological factors

A

signal-detection theory

229
Q

a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn

A

population

230
Q

a source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study.

A

selection factor

231
Q

Pons is the Latin word for ________

A

bridge

232
Q

he suggested that we could think of behavior in terms of a body and mind (interaction of biological and mental processes).​

A

Democritus

233
Q

seek the relationships between the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution

A

Biological Perspective

234
Q

​-Neurons that transmit messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain​
-also called sensory neurons.​

A

Afferent Neurons​

235
Q

temporary disturbances of brain functions that involve sudden neural discharges

A

epilepsy

236
Q

photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light

A

rods

237
Q

form of a double helix-a twisting molecular ladder and contains the genetic code

A

DNA

238
Q

descriptive of colors of the spectrum that when combined produce white or nearly white light

A

contemporary

239
Q

James was also influenced by Charles Darwin _______

A

Theory of Evolution

240
Q

identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human traits and determine influences on human thoughts, processes and feeling and behavior.

A

Personality Psychology

241
Q

The wrinkled surface area (gray matter) of the cerebrum.​

A

Cerebral Cortex

242
Q

refers to the culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity

A

gender

243
Q

3 founders of Gestalt Psychology

A

Max Wertheimer
Kurt Koffka
Wolfgang Kohler

244
Q

the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole

A

closure

245
Q

are employed by school systems identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with learning.

A

School Psychology

246
Q

is a statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research

A

hypothesis

247
Q

behind central fissure

A

parietal lobe

248
Q

are specialized cells of the nervous systems that conduct impulses

A

neurons

249
Q

A location on a dendrite of a receiving neuron tailored to receive a neurotransmitter.​

A

Receptor Site​

250
Q

Used to collect information that cannot be observed directly​

A

survey

251
Q

are electrochemical discharge of a nerve cell or neuron.​

A

Neural Impulses

252
Q

the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are similar in appearance

A

similarity

253
Q

a set of hypothesized statements about the relationships among events

A

Theory

254
Q

to explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant

A

debrief

255
Q

discovered that sunlight could be broken down into different colors by means off a triangular solid of glass called prism

A

Sir Isaac Newton

256
Q

are secreted by the adrenal medulla.

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

257
Q

– respond to pitch, loudness, etc.​

A

auditory

258
Q

has shown that our memories are not snapshots of the past.

A

Elizabeth Loftus

259
Q

help athletes concentrate on their performance and not on the crowd

A

Sport Psychology

260
Q

Yellow-orange-red side of color wheel

A

warm​

261
Q

2 binoculars cues

A

retinal disparity
convergence

262
Q

The fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered.​The fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered.​

A

All-or-none Principle​

263
Q

which is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems.

A

Applied Research

264
Q

Process of adjusting to lower lighting​

A

Dark adaptation

265
Q

is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal glands,

A

Epinephrine/adrenaline

266
Q

lies in front of the central fissure

A

frontal lobe

267
Q

a condition characterized by brittleness of the lens

A

presbyopia

268
Q

many contemporary psychologists study the effects of experience on behavior

A

perspective on learning

269
Q

the electrical potential across the neural membrane when it is not responding to other neurons

A

resting potential

270
Q

cortex is a Latin word meaning ______

A

bark

271
Q

are concerned with the nature and causes of individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations.

A

Social Psychology

272
Q

A language disorder characterized by slow, laborious speech

A

Broca’s Aphasia​

273
Q

revolutionized our understanding of attachment between parents and children by means of her cross-cultural studies

A

Mary Salter Ainsworth

274
Q

study effects of stress on health problems such as headaches, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

A

Health Psychology

275
Q

in experiment, group whose members do not obtain the treatment

A

control groups

276
Q

according to him, each hemisphere may have a “mind of its own”

A

Joseph Bogen

277
Q

twins that develop from a single fertilized ovum that divides in two early in prenatal development

A

Monozygotic (MZ) twins

278
Q

Negative adaptation – Process by which we become less sensitive to stimuli that remains the same​

A

Desensitization

279
Q

the tendency to perceive elements that move together as belonging together

A

common fate

280
Q

lesioned part of the amygdala of a rhesus monkey

A

Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy

281
Q

established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany

A

Wilhelm Wundt

282
Q

studies the ways in which adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior

A

evolutionary psychology

283
Q

A thick fiber bundle that connects the hemispheres of the cortex.​

A

Corpus Callosum​

284
Q

the area or biology that focuses on heredity

A

genetics

285
Q

A structure of the brain that is involved in memory formation.​

A

Hippocampus

286
Q

a binocular cue for depth based on the difference in the image cast by an object on the retinas of the eyes as the object moves closer or farther away

A

retinal disparity

287
Q

Trichromatic Theory​ is based on an experiment conducted by ______

A

Thomas Young

288
Q

people who have to be unusually close to an object to discriminate its details are ______

A

nearsighted

289
Q

Bend the colors of the spectrum into a circle​

A

Color Wheel ​

290
Q

The section of cortex in which sensory stimulation is projected, it lies just behind the central fissure in the parietal lobe.​

A

Somatosensory Cortex​

291
Q

​Inhibitory neurotransmitters that occur naturally in the brain and in the bloodstream and are similar to the narcotic morphine in their functions and effects.​

A

Endorphins

292
Q

Degree of brightness or darkness​

A

Value

293
Q

the sum total of the environmental factors that affect an organism from conception onward

A

nurture

294
Q

lies below the side or lateral fissure-across from the frontal and parietal lobes

A

temporal lobe

295
Q

is the most active during processes that involve spending body energy from stored reserves, such as fight or flight response to a predator

A

sympathetic division

296
Q

what year Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory

A

1879

297
Q

Intensity of color​

A

Saturation​

298
Q

a monocular cue for depth based on the convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance

A

perspective

299
Q

is a system of nerves involved in thought processes, heartbeat, visual-motor coordination, and so on.

A

nervous system

300
Q

focused on the relation between conscious experience and behavior.

A

Functionalism

301
Q

careful examination of one’s own thoughts and emotions - to gain self-knowledge.

A

introspection

302
Q

is an organized way of using experience and testing ideas to expand and refine knowledge.

A

scientific method

303
Q

the tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity

A

continuity

304
Q

photoreceptors that transmits sensation of colors

A

cones

305
Q

the transmission of traits from parent to offspring by means of genes

A

heredity

306
Q

endorphin is the contraction of _____

A

endogenous morphine

307
Q

a microscopic rod-shaped body in the cell nucleus carrying genes that transmits hereditary traits from generation to generation

A

chromosomes

308
Q

they dissolve into gray

A

mix complementary colors

309
Q

attempt to facilitate learning but they usually focus on course planning and instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children.

A

Education Psychology

310
Q

is the placing of one object in front of another

A

overlapping

311
Q

A long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons form bulb-shaped structures

A

Axon

312
Q

the minimal amount by which a source of energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived

A

JND/ Just Noticeable Difference

313
Q

the area of the retina where axons from ganglion cells meet to form the optic nerve

A

blind spot

314
Q

stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes

A

binocular cues

315
Q

2 famous neoanalysts that focused less on unconscious processes and more conscious choice and self-direction.

A

Karen Horney
Erik Erikson

316
Q

Ambiguous, unstable figures​

A

Figure – Ground Perception​

317
Q

A language disorder characterized by difficulty comprehending the meaning of spoken language.​

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia​

318
Q

Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be distinguished from no stimulus at all

A

Absolute Threshold​

319
Q

a method of brain imaging that injects a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream and assesses activity of parts of the brain according to the amount of glucose they metabolize

A

positron emission tomography (PET SCAN)

320
Q

our literally the windows of the world

A

eyes

321
Q

shortest wavelength at about 400th billionths of a meter

A

violet

322
Q

is regulated by the pituitary hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone). ​

A

adrenal cortex

323
Q

twins that developed from two fertilized ova and who are thus as closely related as brothers and sisters in general; also called fraternal twins

A

Dizygotic (DZ) twins

324
Q

stimuli suggestive of depth that can be perceived with only one eye

A

monocular cues

325
Q

people who see distant objects unusually clearly but have difficulty on focusing nearby

A

farsighted

326
Q

the master has a commander

A

hypothalamus

327
Q

a condition that caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair characterized by mental deficiency, a broad face and slanting eyes

A

down syndrome

328
Q

extend for miles​

A

Radio waves

329
Q

suggest that people can modify and create their environments. They also grant cognition key role. They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.

A

Social-cognitive theory

330
Q

apply psychology to the criminal justice system.

A

Forensic Psychology

331
Q

2 BRANCHES OF ANS

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

332
Q

they discovered that electrical stimulation of the reticular formation of a sleeping cat caused it to awaken at once.

A

Giuseppe Moruzzi and Horace Magoun

333
Q

a group of drugs used in treatment of schizophrenia, inhibit the action of dopamine by blocking some dopamine receptors

A

phenothiazines

334
Q

a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered by a particular stimulus and nearly identical among members of a species, even when they are reared in isolation

A

instinct

335
Q

-lies below the hypothalamus.​
-Although the pituitary is only about the size of pea, it is so central to the body’s functioning that it has been dubbed the “master gland.”​

A

Pituitary Gland

336
Q

which helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle and may affect the onset of puberty.​

A

melatonin

337
Q

one’s genetic makeup, based on the sequencing of the nucleotides we term A, C, G and T

A

genotype

338
Q

a form of MRI that enables researches to observe the brain “while it works” by taking repeated scans

A

FUNCTIONAL MRI (fMRI)

339
Q

A synapse consists of an axon terminal from the transmitting neuron, a dendrite, or the body of a receiving neuron, and a fluid-fi­lled gap between the two that is called the _____ ​

A

synaptic cleft ​

340
Q

inhibits production of urine when the body’s fluid levels are low

A

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

341
Q

a person with normal vision

A

trichromat

342
Q

the black-looking opening in the center of the iris, through which light enters the eye

A

pupil

343
Q

the highness or lowness of a sound, as determined by the frequency of the sound waves

A

pitch

344
Q

transparent tissue forming the outer surface of the eyeball

A

cornea

345
Q

Are chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another.​

A

Neurotransmitters​

346
Q

Colors across from one another on color wheel​

A

Complementary Colors

347
Q

a sample drawn so that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate

A

random sample

348
Q

stimulates labor in pregnant women and is connected with maternal behavior

A

Oxytocin

349
Q

An area near the center of the brain involved in the relay of sensory information to the cortex and in functions of sleep and attention.​

A

Thalamus​

350
Q

fosters female reproductive capacity and secondary sex characteristics such as accumulation of fatty tissue in the breasts and hips.​

A

estrogen

351
Q

is the source of all colors​

A

Light

352
Q

About ____ weeks after conception, the male sex hormone testosterone causes the male’s sex organs to develop. In fact, if it were not for the secretion of testosterone at this time, we would all develop the external genital organs of females.​

A

six

353
Q

Gather information about individuals or small groups

A

Case Study​

354
Q

axons ends in small, bulb-shaped structures called

A

axon terminals or terminal buttons

Prelims (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions