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Year 3, 1st semester > ITEC54 > Flashcards

ITEC54 Flashcards

1
Q

An array of components designed to accomplish a particular objective according to plan.

A

System

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2
Q

Many sub-systems may be designed which later on are combined together to form a system which is intended to achieve a specific objective which may be set by the Project manager.

A

System

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3
Q

Is a way of understanding an entity in terms of its purpose.

A

Systems Thinking

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4
Q

The three major steps followed in systems thinking

A

Identify a containing whole (system), of which the thing to be explained is a part.

Explain the behavior or properties of the containing whole.

Explain the behavior or properties of the thing to be explained in terms of its role(s) or function(s) within its containing whole (Ackoff, 1981)

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5
Q

Is the combination of inter-related elements to achieve a common objective (s).

A

System Integration

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6
Q

The architecture of a system defines its high-level structure, exposing its gross organization as a collection of interacting components.

A

System Architecture

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7
Q

Elements needed to model a software architecture include:

A

Components
Connectors
Systems
Properties
Styles

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8
Q

a system developer and architects cannot do anything without first establishing various projects. These ________ may be new or existing.

A

Project

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9
Q

it is inevitable to first understand what a ___________ is, factors that influence the __________, which the owners are and many more as discussed below.

A

Project

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10
Q

Where do information Systems Projects Originate (Sources of Projects)?

A

Problems
Opportunity
Directive

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11
Q

may either be current, suspected, or anticipated. ____________ are undesirable situations that prevent the business from fully achieving its purpose, goals, and objectives (users discovering real problems with existing IS).

A

Problems

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12
Q

is a chance to improve the business even in the absence of specific problems. This means that the business is hoping to create a system that will help it with increasing its revenue, profit, or services, or decreasing its costs.

A

Opportunity

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13
Q

is a new requirement that is imposed by management, government, or some external influence i.e. are mandates that come from either an internal or external source of the business.

A

Directive

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13
Q

______________ cannot be run in isolation.

A

Projects

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14
Q

__________ must operate in a broad organizational environment

A

Projects

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15
Q

____________ need to take a holistic or systems view of a project and understand how it is situated within the larger organization

A

Project managers

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16
Q

_____________ are the people involved in or affected by project activities

A

Stakeholders

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17
Q

Stakeholders include:

A

the project sponsor and project team
support staff
customers
users
suppliers
opponents to the project

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18
Q

________________ must take time to identify, understand, and manage relationships with all project stakeholders

A

Project managers

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19
Q

Using the __________________________ can help meet stakeholder needs and expectations

A

four frames of organizations

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20
Q

___________________ are very important stakeholders

A

Senior executives

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21
Q

What Helps Projects Succeed?

According to the Standish Group’s report “CHAOS 2001: A Recipe for Success,” the following items help IT projects succeed, in order of importance:

A

Executive support
User involvement
Experienced project manager
Clear business objectives
Minimized scope
Standard software infrastructure
Firm basic requirements
Formal methodology
Reliable estimates

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22
Q

Focuses on roles and responsibilities,
coordination and control. Organizational
charts help define this frame.

A

Structural Frame

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23
Q

Focuses on providing harmony between needs of the organization and needs of people.

A

Human Resources Frame

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24
Q

Assumes organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest
groups. Conflict and power are key issues.

A

Political Frame

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25
Q

Focuses on symbols and meanings related to events. Culture is important.

A

Symbolic Frame

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26
Q

4 basic organizational structures

A

Functional
Project-based
Matrix
Divisional

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27
Q

_________________ depends on the company and/or the project.

A

Organizational structure

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28
Q

The structure helps define the roles and responsibilities of the members of the department, work group, or organization

A

Basic Organizational Structures

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29
Q

It is generally a system of tasks and reporting policies in place to give members of the group a direction when completing projects.

A

Basic Organizational Structures

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30
Q

A good organizational structure will allow people and groups to work effectively together while developing hard work ethics and attitudes.

The four general types of organizational structure are functional, divisional, matrix and project-based.

A

Basic Organizational Structures

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31
Q

People who do similar tasks, have similar skills and/or jobs in an organization are grouped into a ___________________.

A

Functional Structure

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32
Q

The advantages of this kind of structure include quick decision making because the group members are able to communicate easily with each other.

A

Functional Structure

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33
Q

People in ________________ can learn from each other easier because they already possess similar skill sets and interests.

A

functional structures

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34
Q

In a ____________________ , the company will coordinate inter-group relationships to create a work team that can readily meet the needs of a certain customer or group of customers.

A

divisional structure

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35
Q

The division of labor in this kind of structure will ensure greater output of varieties of similar products.

A

Divisional Structure

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36
Q

An example of a ____________________ is geographical, where divisions are set up in regions to work with each other to produce similar products that meet the needs of the individual regions.

A

divisional structure

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37
Q

____________________ are more complex in that they group people in two different ways:

by the function they perform and

by the product team they are working with.

A

Matrix structures

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38
Q

the team members are given more autonomy and expected to take more responsibility for their work.

A

matrix structure

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39
Q

This increases the productivity of the team, fosters greater innovation and creativity, and allows managers to cooperatively solve decision-making problems through group interaction.

A

Matrix Structure

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40
Q

the teams are put together based on the number of members needed to produce the product or complete the project.

A

project-organizational structure

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41
Q

The numbers of significantly different kinds of tasks are taken into account when structuring a project in this manner, assuring that the right members are chosen to participate in the project.

A

Project Organization Structure

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42
Q

It is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and decomposition of a system into its components.

A

System Analysis

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43
Q

It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements.
Before planning, you need to understand the old system thoroughly and determine how computers can best be used in order to operate efficiently.

A

Systems Design

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44
Q

System Analysis and Design (SAD) mainly focuses on −

A

Systems
Processes
Technology

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45
Q

Constraints of a System

A system must have three basic constraints

A

A system must have some structure and behavior which is designed to achieve a predefined objective.

Interconnectivity and interdependence must exist among the system components.

The objectives of the organization have a higher priority than the objectives of its subsystems.

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46
Q

Properties of a System

A system has the following properties −

A

Organization
Interaction
Interdependence
Integration
Central Objective

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47
Q

__________________ implies structure and order.

A

Organization

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48
Q

It is the arrangement of components that helps to achieve predetermined objectives.

A

Organization

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49
Q

It is defined by the manner in which the components operate with each other.

For example, in an organization, purchasing department must interact with production department and payroll with personnel department.

A

Interaction

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50
Q

________________________ means how the components of a system depend on one another.

A

Interdependence

51
Q

For proper functioning, the components are coordinated and linked together according to a specified plan.

A

Interdependence

52
Q

The output of one subsystem is the required by other subsystem as input.

A

Interdependence

53
Q

________________ is concerned with how a system components are connected together.

A

Integration

54
Q

It means that the parts of the system work together within the system even if each part performs a unique

A

Integration

55
Q

The objective of system must be central.

A

Central Objective

56
Q

It may be real or stated.

A

Central Objective

57
Q

It is not uncommon for an organization to state an objective and operate to achieve another.

A

Central Objective

58
Q

The users must know the main objective of a computer application early in the analysis for a successful design and conversion.

A

Central Objective

59
Q

The main aim of a system is to produce an output which is useful for its user.

A

Outputs and Inputs

60
Q

________ are the information that enters into the system for processing.

A

Inputs

61
Q

______________ is the outcome of processing.

A

Output

62
Q

The ____________ is the element of a system that involves the actual transformation of input into output.

A

processor

63
Q

It is the operational component of a system.

A

Processor(s)

64
Q

_______________ may modify the input either totally or partially, depending on the output specification.

A

Processors

65
Q

As the output specifications change, so does the ____________.

A

processing

66
Q

In some cases, input is also modified to enable the _____________ for handling the transformation.

A

processor

67
Q

The _____________ element guides the system.

A

control

68
Q

It is the decision–making subsystem that controls the pattern of activities governing input, processing, and output.

A

Control

69
Q

The behavior of a computer System is controlled by the __________________ and _______________.

A

Operating System and software

70
Q

In order to keep system in balance, what and how much input is needed is determined by __________________________.

A

Output Specifications

71
Q

provides the control in a dynamic system.

A

Feedback

72
Q

is routine in nature that encourages the performance of the system.

A

Positive feedback

73
Q

is informational in nature that provides the controller with information for action.

A

Negative feedback

74
Q

the “supersystem” within which an organization operates.

A

Environment

75
Q

It is the source of external elements that strike on the system.

A

Environment

76
Q
A
77
Q

It determines how a system must function.

For example, vendors and competitors of organization’s environment, may provide constraints that affect the actual performance of the business.

A

Environment

78
Q

A system should be defined by its ___________________.

A

boundaries

79
Q

______________ are the limits that identify its components, processes, and interrelationship when it interfaces with another system.

A

Boundaries

80
Q

Each system has boundaries that determine its sphere of influence and control.

A

Boundaries and Interface

81
Q

The knowledge of the boundaries of a given system is crucial in determining the nature of its interface with other systems for successful design.

A

Boundaries and Interface

82
Q

Types of Systems

The systems can be divided into the following types −

A

Physical or Abstract Systems
Open or Closed Systems
Adaptive and Non Adaptive System
Permanent or Temporary System
Natural and Manufactured System
Deterministic or Probabilistic System
Social, Human-Machine, Machine System
Man–Made Information Systems

83
Q

________________ are tangible entities. We can touch and feel them.

A

Physical systems

84
Q

may be static or dynamic in nature.

A

Physical System

85
Q

For example, desks and chairs are the physical parts of computer center which are static.

A programmed computer is a dynamic system in which programs, data, and applications can change according to the user’s needs.

A

Physical or Abstract Systems

86
Q

_______________ are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be formulas, representation or model of a real system.

A

Abstract systems

87
Q

An _____________ must interact with its environment.

A

open system

88
Q

It receives inputs from and delivers outputs to the outside of the system.

For example, an information system which must adapt to the changing environmental conditions.

A

Open System

89
Q

A _________________ does not interact with its environment.

A

closed system

90
Q

It is isolated from environmental influences. A completely closed system is rare in reality.

A

closed system

91
Q

responds to the change in the environment in a way to improve their performance and to survive.

For example, human beings, animals.

A

Adaptive System

92
Q

the system which does not respond to the environment.

For example, machines.

A

Non Adaptive System

93
Q

_________________ persists for long time.

For example, business policies.

A

Permanent System

94
Q

____________________ is made for specified time and after that they are demolished.

For example, A DJ system is set up for a program and it is dissembled after the program.

A

Temporary System

95
Q

______________ are created by the nature.

For example, Solar system, seasonal system.

A

Natural systems

96
Q

_____________________ is the man-made system.

For example, Rockets, dams, trains.

A

Manufactured System

97
Q

operates in a predictable manner and the interaction between system components is known with certainty.

For example, two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen makes water.

A

Deterministic system

98
Q

shows uncertain behavior. The exact output is not known.

For example, Weather forecasting, mail delivery.

A

Probabilistic System

99
Q

________________ is made up of people.

For example, social clubs, societies.

A

Social System

100
Q

both human and machines are involved to perform a particular task.

For example, Computer programming.

A

Human-Machine System

101
Q

where human interference is neglected. All the tasks are performed by the machine.

For example, an autonomous robot.

A

Machine System

102
Q

It is an interconnected set of information resources to manage data for particular organization, under Direct Management Control (DMC).

A

Man–Made Information Systems

103
Q

This system includes hardware, software, communication, data, and application for producing information according to the need of an organization.

A

Man–Made Information Systems

104
Q

Man-made information systems are divided into three types −

A

Formal Information System
Informal Information System
Computer Based System

105
Q

It is based on the flow of information in the form of memos, instructions, etc., from top level to lower levels of management.

A

Formal Information System

106
Q

This is employee based system which solves the day to day work related problems.

A

Informal Information System

107
Q

This system is directly dependent on the computer for managing business applications.

For example, automatic library system, railway reservation system, banking system, etc.

A

Computer Based System

108
Q

a 2-D chart that shows system elements and their linkages.

A

schematic model

109
Q

Different arrows are used to show information flow, material flow, and information feedback.

A

Schematic Models

110
Q

shows the orderly flow of the material, energy, and information that hold the system together.

A

flow system model

111
Q

______________________ and _______________________, for example, is used to abstract a real world system in model form.

A

Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)

112
Q

They represent one pair of relationships such as activity–time or cost–quantity.

A

Static System Models

113
Q

The ________________ , for example, gives a static picture of an activity-time relationship.

A

Gantt chart

114
Q

Business organizations are ____________________.

A

dynamic systems

115
Q

A ________________ approximates the type of organization or application that analysts deal with.

A

dynamic model

116
Q

It shows an ongoing, constantly changing status of the system.

A

Dynamic System Models

117
Q

Dynamic System Models

It consists of −

A

Inputs that enter the system

The processor through which transformation takes place

The program(s) required for processing

The output(s) that result from processing.

118
Q

There are three categories of information related to managerial levels and the decision managers make

A

Strategic Information
Managerial Information
Operational Information

119
Q

This information is required by topmost management for long range planning policies for next few years.

For example, trends in revenues, financial investment, and human resources, and population growth.

A

Strategic Information

120
Q

This type of information is achieved with the aid of Decision Support System (DSS).

A

Strategic Information

121
Q

This type of Information is required by middle management for short and intermediate range planning which is in terms of months.

For example, sales analysis, cash flow projection, and annual financial statements.

A

Managerial Information

122
Q

It is achieved with the aid of Management Information Systems (MIS).

A

Managerial Information

123
Q

This type of information is required by low management for daily and short term planning to enforce day-to-day operational activities.

For example, keeping employee attendance records, overdue purchase orders, and current stocks available.

A

Operational Information

124
Q

It is achieved with the aid of Data Processing Systems (DPS).

A

Operational Information

Year 3, 1st semester (3 decks)

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