ITE QBANK Misc 1 Flashcards
How does hypocalcemia result from hyperventilation?
Hyperventilation -> respiratory alkalosis ->
H+ bound to negatively charged plasma proteins (albumin) is released ->
Ca2+ (positively charged) can bind to albumin
*paresthesias/perioral numbness can occur with hyperventilation
During Respiratory alkalosis (ie hyperventilation) What is the metabolic compensation of serum bicarb : PaCO2?
decrease in serum bicarb by 2 mmol/L per 10 mmHg PaCO2 decrease
What do the kidneys do if respiratory alkalosis becomes subacute or chronic?
The kidneys
decrease their bicarb reabsorption or
increase bicarb secreation
How does hyperventilation cause HYPOkalemia?
H+-K+ transporter pump H+ out of cells to restore physiologic pH
K+ is simultaneously pumped intracellularly to ensure electroneutrality
- hypokalemia
there is an (increase/decrease) in serum albumin over the course of pregnancy
Decrease: not in total volume of albumin, but d/t increase in plasma volume
1st trimester - 4.5g/dL -> 3.9g/dL
Term: 3.3g/dL
There is an increase in these two clotting factors during pregnancy
fibrinogen and factor VII
- creates hypercoagulable state in pregnant women
What happens to transferrin and TIBC during pregnancy?
Increase transferin and TIBC
The Bohr effect refers to ?
Shift in the oxygen dissociation curve caused by changes in the [ ] of carbon dioxide or the pH of the environment
How does PTH increase Ca2+ lvls?
- PTH stimulates osteoclasts, increasing bone resorption and raising serum calcium.
- Ca2+ reabsorption in distal renal tubule
High flow jet ventilation is applied how?
applied with set driving pressure, followed by passive exhalation for very short period of time b4 next jet is delivered
- essentially creating “auto-peep”
Furosemide can cause HYPOkalemic-HYPOchloremic metabolic alkalosis 2/2 to _____.
How do you treat this?
potassium excretion and contraction alkalosis
*if pt gets diuresis -> alkalemia gets worse
Treat with acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) to correct alkalemia
Loop diuretics work at the _____ part of the loop of henle where they block the ______.
ascending loop of henle
Na-K chloride transporter
Acetazolamide may impair carbon dioxide elimination in pts w/ _____
COPD
- use caution
Which diuretic causes hypokalemic-hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis and which ones causes hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis?
hypokalemic-hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis
- Loop diuretics
- Thiazide diuretics
hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis?
- acetazolamide
Which evoked potentials are most and least affected by volatile anesthetics?
Most: Visual evoked potentials (VEP)
Least: auditory evoked potentials (AEP)
*all of the volatile anesthetics produce dose dependent effects on the VEP, EEG, SSEPs, and MEPs
Pupillary light reflex
- Afferent limb
- Efferent limb
- Afferent limb: optic nerve
- Efferent limb: occulomotor nerve
Corneal reflex
- Afferent limb
- Efferent limb
- Afferent limb: Ophthalmic br of Trigeminal nerve
- Efferent limb: Temporal and Zygomatic br of Facial nerve
How is the rate of inhaled anesthetic induction (FA/FI) affected by minute ventilation?
The effect is greatest in which anesthetic agents?
Rate is increased with increased minute ventilation
Greatest in agents w/ high solubility (Halothane 2.54, Isofluourane 1.46)
Blood:Gas solubility (K B:G) values
Halothane 2.54 Isoflourane 1.46 Sevoflurane 0.65 Nitrous Oxide 0.47 Desflurane 0.42
Blood gas solubility
Halothane
2.54
Blood gas solubility
Isoflurane
1.46
Blood gas solubility
Sevoflurane
0.65
Blood gas solubility
Nitrous oxide
0.47
Blood gas solubility
Desflurane
0.42