Italy - Challenges to the Restored Order and the Failure of Revolution c1830-49 Flashcards
1
Q
How many states were there in Italy?
A
9
2
Q
Name all the Italian states
A
Northern: Piedmont Sardinia, Lombardy, Venetia
Central: Parma, Modena, Tuscany and Papal States
Southern: Naples, Sicily
3
Q
Piedmont-Sardinia
A
- Ruled by House of Savoy, under King VE1
- Strong army
- Civil service
- Absolute monarch
- Relatively poor at start of period
4
Q
Lombardy
A
- Ruled by Austrian officials - part of Hapsburg Empire
- Lombardy economically and culturally advanced with some representative government
- Austrian army presence
- Quadrilateral
- Richest part of Italy - this was because there was heavy taxation and conscription, leading to the states providing 1/4 of Austria’s revenue
- Only Austrian judges, civil servants, police and army officers were used
5
Q
Venetia
A
- Austrian control
- Wealthy - due to heavy taxation and conscription (see Lombardy)
6
Q
Papal States
A
- Papal control under Pope Pius VII
- Austrian army presence
- Zealots established a tight control on government, education, culture and politics
- Censorship was imposed
- The Inquisition were a feared court, which used torture and execution against heretics
- The Zelanti were a powerful group who blocked all suggestions of reform
- The Pope blocked all communications such as telegraphs and railways in case they spread ideas
- Jesuits
- Poor
- Feudal
7
Q
Central Duchies
A
- House of Lorraine/Hapsburg control
- Dukes and Duchesses in control
- Modena - Duke Francis IV hated all liberals
- Some reform of education made by Ferdinand III in Tuscany (reorganised universities of Pisa and Siena, spent more on girls education), as well as expanding health facilities
- Parma - Duchess Marie-Louise was an enlightened ruler who would not allow reactionary policies
8
Q
Two Sicilies
A
- Bourbons
- Suffered diseases such as Malaria, as well as famine from infertile land
- Sicily was controlled by Naples, had a variety of cultures and Palermo was the biggest city
- Government was corrupt
- There was strict censorship
- Reduced spending on schools, communications and social projects
- The Kingdom of Naples had been a united kingdom for 6 centuries, had an absolute monarchy, was very poor, feudal, and the largest city in Europe at the time
9
Q
What % of the population worked the land?
A
90%
10
Q
What % of the population spoke Italian?
A
2.5%
11
Q
Nationalism
A
- People of the same race, language, culture and traditions untied in an independent nation
- It should not be controlled by other nations
- Some favoured monarchy and others as republic
- Liberals and radicals were also nationalist, but disagreed about how to achieve nationism e.g. violence of peaceful
12
Q
Liberalism
A
- People should have a say in government and this was best achieved through a representative assembly or parliament elected by property owners
- A rule of law was needed which guaranteed rights such as a fair trial and free speech
- Non violent and middle class and favoured a constitutional monarchy
13
Q
Radical Republicanism
A
- Much more extreme and wanted social reform and redistribution of wealth
- Would use violence to achieve aims
- Many were members of revolutionary societies and believed that all men should elect a parliament, not just the rich
14
Q
Autrian viepoints of political groups
A
- Entirely negative and had no intension of allowing such dangerous ideas to spread, as they could threaten to break up the Austrian Empire
- Metternich would not allow Italy to exist as a divided peninsula under absolute rulers was easier to divide and rule
15
Q
Membership of secret sociaties?
A
Well-educated and mostly middle class; army officers, students, lawyers, teachers and doctors
16
Q
eaknesses of secret societies?
A
- Limited to the middle class
- Divided geographically
- Divided aims
- Small, so easily infiltrated
- Lacked organisation
17
Q
Carbonari
A
- Active mainly in the South - 60,000 members in Naples
- Spread to the Papal States and Piedmont
- Swore allegiance to their leaders
- Not anti-Catholic or committed republicans
- They were fighting to gain constitutions and more rights from their monarchs
18
Q
Federati
A
- Mainly in the north
- Led by nobleman Federico Confalonieri
- Favoured constitutional government
- Its program was more moderate than that of the Carbonari
- Anti-Austrian
19
Q
Aldelfi
A
- Headed by Filippo Buronarroti
- Anti-Austrian
- 1818 - renamed itself the Society of the Sublime Perfect Master s
- From Dec 1821 to Jan 1823, the members were unmasked in the army and the upper bureaucracy and received death sentences, which were commuted to long prison terms
20
Q
Secret societies in the Papal states?
A
Spillo Negro, Latinisi, Bersaglieri
21
Q
Young Italy
A
- Founded 1831
- Republican
- Wanted full unification
- Anti-Austrian
- Not mass movement
- Middle class
22
Q
Failed revolutions of Young Italy
A
- 1833 in Piedmont
- 1834 in Genoa
- 1844 with the Bandiero brothers
23
Q
1830-32 revolutions in Modena and Parma
A
- Led by Enrico Misley, who revealed his plans to Duke Francis IV that he would unite Italy, free her from Austrian control and let Francis by king of the peninsula. He was betrayed and Misley was arrested
- Francis left Modena for Austria, believing that the threat was over, leading to revolutionaries taking over and establishing a provisional government
- Encouraged by students in Modena, students in Parma started a riot and demanded a constitution from Duchess Marie-Louise. She fled and a provisional government was established
- Parma and Modena had a joint army commander
- Within the same month, Francis, along with head of the Austrian army, came back to Modena. Revolutionaries were defeated, leading to imprisonment, exile or execution. This also occurred in Parma when Marie-Louise returned
24
Q
1830-32 revolutions in the Papal States
A
- Revolts were organised by the professional classes who hated the church
- 1831 - provisional government: ‘the Government of the Italian Provinces’ was formed in Bologna. This promised an elected assembly, reformed finance system and a fairer legal system
- Rebels were defeated by the Austrian army
25
Reasons for failure of the 1830-32 reovlutiions?
- Revolutions were local affairs, not national
- No organisation between states
- Too reliant on small secret societies, such as the Carbonari
- Revolutionaries were mainly moderate and didn't use violence
- Popular support was not encouraged and the revolts were mainly middle class
- Divided aims
- Austria didn't want any constitutions granted and had military strength
- France weren't interested in helping
26
Economic divisions and social problems - land
- Poor soil in the South
- Absent landlords rented land in latifundia
- Most worked as labourers and suffered unemployment
- In Lombardy, there was increased land ownership by the middle class
- In the 1830s and 40s, the nobility benefitted from the sale of common land
- Mosquitoes lived in swamp land, leading to Malaria outbreaks across the peninsula
- Landowners demanded high rent and interest for tenants on loans
- All these problems led to occasional revolts
27
By the mid 19th century, how many (small) estates were there in Piedmont?
800,000
28
How many deaths were there per year from Malaria?
330,000
29
By the mid 1860s, what fraction of all common land had been sold off in Italy?
1/4
30
Economic divisions and social problems - industry
- Mostly textiles due to machinery imported from Britain
- Industrial growth was limited due to lack of coal
- The Apennines were a barrier to trade and transport between states
- Workers were prone to competition from China and India (especially the silk industry)
- The South didn't develop due to a lack of entrepreneurs, lack of capital and fewer skilled workers
31
How many industrial workers were there in Piedmont?
114,000
32
By 1840, the silk industry has employed how many workers in Lombardy?
70,000
33
How many wool workers were there in Lombardy and Venetia? How much did GDP grow per head?
32,000, 0.5% per year between 1830-60
34
Economic divisions and social problems - transport
- 1830s - development of a transport line between Naples and Portici, stimulating industry in the areas
- The olive oil industry of Apulia was stunted by the lack of modern transport
- Very little thought was given into an integrated railway system
35
By 1860, how many of the villages in Naples were still connected by muddy tracks?
5 of 6
36
Economic divisions and social problems - rich and poor
- Dynamic political change came from above from groups who benefitted from economic changes
- The poor masses were mostly apathetic and were only concerned for their survival
- Diverse languages and cultures
- Lack of communication and education meant very little desire for understanding change
- Hunger and disease was a huge threat
- Population growth led to food shortages
- Soil erosion caused from the demand for wood for industry
37
Population growth in Italy between 1800-50
17.8 million to 24 million
38
How many died in Palermo from cholera between 1835-7?
27,000
39
Economic divisions and social problems - urbanisation, welfare and church
- A lot of cities were destitute and relied on welfare organisations
- The church's role had been reduced when Napoleon closed down monasteries
- The priest remained the educator, moral guardian and provider of charity, so influence of the church over peasants remained
40
How much did the population of Milan grow from 1814-36?
139,000 to 185,000
41
How much did the population of Turin grow from between 1800-60?
75,000 t0 170,000
42
How many monasteries did Napoleon close down?
1300
43
Risorgimento
- Early writers, such as Dante and Machiavelli, wrote about Italy as a country and cultural entity
- Risorgimento was first used by Bettinelli in 1775. In the same period, Alfieri wrote of national identity - these ideas were only received by the upper class
44
By 1871, how many people spoke Italian?
630,000 out of the population of 27 million
45
What was the illiteracy rate by 1871?
2/3 of the population
46
Name a journal produced in Milan which used the Italian language?
Il Politenico, published 1839
47
What years did the Congress of Science meet and discuss ideas using the Italian language?
1839-47
48
What did Massoni write (Italian language) in 1840 which was well read?
The Betrothed
49
Name one of Verdi's operas
Nabucco
