Growth of Industrialisation Essay Facts

Question 1

What did Laissez Faire mean? (Laissez Faire Policies)

Answer 1

• Laissez Faire were government policies which meant that business in Britain was left alone and they had no involvement in the ways of the middle class whatsoever
• This ended up removing obstacles that slowed down the pace of profiteering

Question 2

What did the Banking Charter Act of 1844 do? (Laissez Faire Policies)

Answer 2

It restricted the powers of British banks and gave exclusive note-issuing powers to the central Bank of England

Question 3

What did the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 do? (Laissez Faire Policies)

Answer 3

It ordered all incorporated boroughs to set up police forces under the control of a watch committee

Question 4

What did the growth of banking allow? (Banking)

Answer 4

It can be argued that the growth of banks allowed for the growth of middle class (via loans), and this allowed for an increase in transport

Question 5

How much did the middle class increase by (%) from 1816-31? (Banking)

Answer 5

75%

Question 6

What year did the Bank of England form? (Banking)

Answer 6

1694

Question 7

By 1784, how many banks were there in the country? (Banking)

Answer 7

119

Question 8

By 1808, how many new banks had been constructed? (Banking)

Answer 8

800, allowing for the rapid growth of the business sector

Question 9

What was the cap on the banks and when was this removed? (Banking)

Answer 9

• A clause in the Bank of England Charter that denied the right of note issue to banks with more than 6 members – the cap prevented the creation of larger joint stock banks and kept banking on a localised scale
• By 1826, the cap was removed, allowing Britain’s banks to reach their potential

Question 10

What were county banks allowed to do in 1797? (Banking)

Answer 10

County banks were granted permission to issue bank notes. This gave employers an effective way of paying wages from a central fund

Question 11

Who were the middle class? (Middle Class)

Answer 11

The middle class were those who took advantage of opportunities, such as land owning, and developed industry for wealth (e.g. factory owners)

Question 12

What economist’s principles were followed by the middle class? (Middle Class)

Answer 12

They sought to apply the principles that Adam Smith, a Scottish economist, had advocated. This way, they dominated the market and had an edge over competitors

Question 13

Why were middle class attitudes seen as poor? (Middle Class)

Answer 13

They were hard-nosed, meaning they worked by profit over fairness amongst workers, as well as presenting the relationships with their workers as master/servant

Question 14

Who was Richard Arkwright? (Middle Class)

Answer 14

• Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, and purchased land in Cromford that extended across the North of England, where he built mills
• He had a personal fortune of £500,000 in 1792, which was a sign of the potential wealth of the new middle class entrepreneurs

Question 15

Who was Richard Crawshay? (Middle Class)

Answer 15

Richard Crawshay owned the Cyfartha ironworks at Merthyr Tydfil and by 1830, had employed 5000 people with wealth worth over £200,000

Question 16

Why were counties the centre of economic power traditionally? (Geographic Diversity and the Increase in Transport)

Answer 16

• Traditionally, the counties had been the centres of economic power, due to their acres of fertile land and access to raw materials
• Cottage industries had provided a reasonable means of making a living

Question 17

What did the introduction of the steam engine mean? (Geographic Diversity and the Increase in Transport)

Answer 17

The introduction of the steam engine from 1769 meant that factories no longer needed to be near rivers (as a power source). However, coal became a major necessity, leading to competition for resources between factories

Question 18

By the 1820s, how many miles of navigable canals and waterways were there for trade? (Geographic Diversity and the Increase in Transport)

Answer 18

4000 miles

Question 19

Which areas of Britain were plentiful of raw materials (which industries moved to)? (Geographic Diversity and the Increase in Transport)

Answer 19

The Midlands, north of England, South Wales and the Clyde Valley in Scotland

Question 20

Industrial growth in the 1800s led to today’s lasting associations? (Geographic Diversity and the Increase in Transport)

Answer 20

Birmingham cars, Sheffield Steel, and the mining in the north of England

Question 21

What happened in the South of England? (Geographic Diversity and the Increase in Transport)

Answer 21

The south of England, however, became relatively unimportant. This was because it maintained agricultural production and traditional methods of work. This led to the south declining and it became encroached in poverty and unemployment – mechanisation meant that traditional labourers weren’t necessarily needed, thus people migrated north to find work

Question 22

Workers in agriculture and fisheries declined by what % of the population from 1801-71? (Geographic Diversity and the Increase in Transport)

Answer 22

Workers in agriculture and fisheries declined from 35% to 15% of the population from 1801-71

Question 23

By 1811, price of goods and exports of goods? (Middle Class/Geographic Diversity and the Increase in Transport)

Answer 23

By 1811, British manufacturers produced £130 million of goods which £40 million was exported