italy booklet 4 Flashcards
what was the tension between church and state named?
fractious cohabitation
what was Darwin’s book published in 1859?
Darwin’s origin of species
when was the syllabus of errors finalised and released by the church?
1864
what year did the state demand the church hand over property?
1866
when did the pope declare himself a prisoner in the Vatican?
1870
what were the issues with southern voting?
corrupt, e.g.Nice, “no” slips not even brought to the voting systems.
what law was implemented in 1859 in north but not south?
the Casati law (made primary education compulsary)
what happened in October 1850 and what was Cavour’s reaction?
bourbon agents led a peasant uprising, Cavour ordered Farina to head south and crush opposition
Feb 1861, how many decrees were enforced in how many days in Naples?
53 decrees, 2 days.
what is the furthest south Cavour had ever travelled?
Tuscany
How many monasteries/convents were dissolutioned in order to pay for education?
2382
what did Modena do in August 1860?
voted for annexation by Piedmont
what was the Piedmont debt in 1861 and why did it almost double 4 years later?
2450m lire, Piedmont took on smller states debts
by 1866, what % of state expenditure was taken up by the deficit?
60%
when was the grist tax introduced and what was the reaction?
1868, led to riots where 250 died and 1000 were wounded
after an act in 1867, how many acres of church land were sold?
9m acres, 9 years
who owned land in the south?
middle classes, peasants forced to sell
what % of each years’ agriculture produce was used to repay debts?
30%
by 1861, how many people were employed in industry?
3 million
what % of those 3m employed in industry were women and children?
80%
by unification, how many km of railway was there?
2773km
when were venetian and lombardy railway systems linked?
1857
when was the mount Cenis tunnel through the alps completed?
1871
what did the mount Cenis tunnel do?
created trade but only in the north, creating a duel economy.
what did Crispi write in August 1866?
‘to be italian was something we once longed for, now in present circumstances it is shameful”
when was there great rejoicing in Venice at the Austrian’s departure?
October 1866
in the war, how many Italians vs how many Austrians?
250000 italians vs 130000 Austrians
what % of the Italian army ever reached the front?
25%
when was the battle of Custozza, what happened?
24 June 1866, austria destroyed italian forces
when was the battle of Sadowa, what happened?
July 3, Prussians crushed Austrians
when was the Armastice signed (without consulting Italy)?
July 26, Italy officially laid down arms on August 12
what fraction of national expenditure was on armed forces?
1/4
how were local government’s work enforced?
by the Carbinieri, supported by 18000 local police
1871, what % of children died before their 1st and 5th birthdays?
22.7% and 50%
1871, how many Italians emigrated?
120000
1870, what was the Italian court system?
2 courts, one in the Vatican/church and one in rome which catholics refused to take use
what was the national debt and what did the government do to pay it back?
2.5bn lire debt, increase taxes
1862, how many Brigands were in Neapolitan provinces?
82000
what was the size of the Piedmontese army to deal with Brigands?
120000
when did the Brigand war end?
1865, Brigand leaders e.g. Crocco fled
where did Austria have no intention of leaving?
Venetia
what did Prussia do to weaken Austria’s position?
made a free trade treaty with France in 1862, excluding Austria
how any men in how many years tried to replace Cavour?
5 men, 5 years
what % of the population was the electorate?
2%
how many members of parliament were there, voted for by how many people?
443 members, 150000 voters
when did the pope officially recognise the kingdom of Italy?
1929!
When was the capital officially moved from Florence to Rome?
July 1871
August 29 1862, what happened to Garibaldi and his army?
Aspromonte mountains Garibaldi shot in the foot and some of his troops executed
April 1865, Florence proclaimed as the capital, how did Garibaldi react?
hoped to start uprisings “to capture Rome and abolish the pope” but failed
how and when did the French stop Garibaldi?
defeated Garibaldi at Mentana on November 3 1867
Garibaldi was wrong on 3 counts, what were they?
- underestimated the french
- Italian army would protect the pope
- uprisings against the pope would always fail, as vital to the people
