Italian Renaissance Flashcards
Pope Julius II
Tore down St. Peter’s Basilica
Began work on new structure in 1506
Dominican friar Savonarola
Predicted French invasion
Sermons against paganism, materialism, un democratic gov, and corruption of Pope
Religious leader of Florence
Excommunicated and executed
“Renaissance Popes”
In likeness of monarchs
Had children and mistresses
Want wealth and power
Secular
Christine de Pizan
First feminist (1364-1430)
First published female author to get pay
Court writer and poet
Isabella d’Este
First Lady of the Renaissance
Patron of the arts
Mantua Duchess
Wanted black girl slave
Pico Della Mirandola
Florentine writer of On the Dignity of Man
Thought man was made in likeness of God and therefore possesses great dignity and no limits
Artemisia Gentileschi
Painted Judith Slaying Holofernes
Was raped by artist Tassi
Old Testament- Judith saved Israel by charming and killing Assyrian general…..trust in God
Converses
Jews forced to convert to Christianity
Hated by most Spanish
Attacked by inquisition
New Christians
Held royal power at Castile, controlled royal treasury, held high church positions
Held high public offices at Toledo ( married nobles) tax collectors, doctors
Self identified as Christians
Hermanades
Group given authority by Fer and Iz to act as police and judges in Spain
Ended in 1498 due to the groups use of violent and severe punishment
Renaissance
The cultural achievements of the 14-16C built from the economic and political developments of earlier centuries
Oligarchies
Merchant aristocracies (Venice) Constitutional Small elite class of wealthy merchants hold judicial, executive, and legislative power
Signori
Despots, one man rulers
Rulers pretend to observe law
Manipulate law to hide illegality
(Milan)
Communes
“Free men seeking independence from nobles” (NI cities)
Formed by merchant guilds
Regulated trade, raised taxes, kept civil order, maintained city walls
Citizenship dependent on property, years of residence, and social
Little held office
In Milan, Florence, Genoa, Siena, Pisa
Popolo
Excluded from government, heavily taxed….fought for equality in gov positions and taxation
Formed republic gov
Short lived power, no support
Denied poor, unskilled, and new immigrants
Couldn’t keep civil order
Humanism
Study of classics to understand human nature
“New learning”- Bruni
Emphasized human achievements and capabilities
Secularism
Concern with materialism and enjoying life
Brought by surviving Black Death
Pleasure of the senses
Art patrons
Individualism
Celebrating individual accomplishments and human potential
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
Makes royals superior to papacy
Royals can appoint archbishops and bishops, can take away Pope’s revenue
1438 by Charles VII
Quattrocento
Fourteenth century
View on artists
“Free intellectual workers” status improved
Worked for powerful costumers
Respected and rewarded
Portrayed as geniuses
Medieval view on artists
Low-class No value to originality Painted religious scenes with little realism, color, depth, or demension
Michelangelo
Painted in Sistine Chapel, the last judgement
Sculpted David
Painted dome in St. Peter’s
Ghiberti
Chosen by Brunelleschi to paint baptistery doors of Florence Cathedral
Payed 200 florins a year
Raphael
Painted Schools of Athens
Included all Greek philosophers and thinkers
Part of High Renaissance in Rome
Leonardo de Vinci
Listed in “company of Artists” 1472
Man- isolated figure with exceptional power
Never was happy with art
Wrote “Codex Atlanticus”
Military engineer for Borgia and worked for Sfoza
Painted Ginevra de Benci and Mona Lisa
Art patrons
Support art to show off wealth
Self portraits painted
Small elite class
Brunelleschi
Florentine cloth merchant
Built Florentine Cathedral dome of Duomo
Jan Van Eyck
Flemish painter in Bruges
Oil-based paintings
Love for detail and realism
Painted Ghent Altarpiece and Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride
Printing Press
Created by Gutenberg, Fust, and Schöffer in 1454
Blocks with individual letters
Publish Gutenberg’s Bible
Movable printing press CONT….
Used by gov to announce war, publicize war accounts, make treaties- “psychological war”
Propaganda
Joining for causes, common identity
More social events
New Monarchs
Louis XI (France), Henry VII (England), Ferdinand (Aragon) Suppressed any opposition (nobles) Used Justinian code (wants=law) Relied on middle class for tax Machiavellian
Reconstruction of France by Charles VII
Expelled English…..1453
Reconciled Burgundians and Armagnacs after 30 year civil war
Gave power to middle class
Tax on salt (gabelle) and on land (taille)
Royal army
English Kings
Henry VII and Henry VIII
Gaining more power
Invaded Ireland and gained peace with Scotland when daughter marries king (1509)
Won support of middle class through keeping peace
Didn’t use parliament
Star Chamber
Judicial English Court
Used ideas of Roman law
Accused can’t see evidence
Torture used for extraction
Ferdinand and Isabella
Regaining power
Reconstruct hermandades
Revive royal council
Allied with Pope Alex VI (can appoint bishops)
Enter Granada on Jan 6, 1492 and end struggle with Arabs
Iberian Peninsula
Spain marries second daughter Johanna to archduke Phillip, heir of Holy Roman Empire
Phillip II joins Portugal to crown in 1580
Unification
War of Roses
Ducal York and Lancaster civil war York-white Lancaster-red 1455-1471 Won by Yorks (Edward) Reconstruct monarchy
Castiglione
The Book of the Courtier
1528… Train, discipline, and fashion young men into gentlemen
Men should have broad background
Taught physically and spiritually
Smart, athletic, poetic, musical, eloquent, artistic
Machiavelli
The Prince
1513…about power and how to gain and maintain…humans are selfish in nature
Ruler should manipulate if needed
Better to be feared than loved
Gov should be effective and not restricted by morals
Gov reflecting gods will is impossible
Politics has own laws, is a science
Dante
Divine Comedy
Trilogy of poems 100 verses led by Roman Virgil Describes the realms of the next world: hell, purgatory, and paradise Hell-torture Purgatory- purification Paradise-angels and saints
Petrarch
Thought to be living in new age after Gothic/barbarian middle age
Greco-Roman civilization
First two centuries of Roman Empire were human peak
German immigrants caused cultural break which lead to Dark ages
Laura Cereta
Humanist, highly educated
Says knowledge is earned, not given as a gift
Women strive not for good but to adorn themselves
Women cause their own inferiority
Peter Paul Vergerio
Wrote “Ubertinus”
Ruler of Carrara
Education of children is a matter of the state and the best tudors should be chosen, reverence towards elders is an obligation, respect divinity
Lorenzo Valla
Wrote “On Pleasure”- secularism
“On the False Donation of Constantine”- proves document giving papacy jurisdiction was forged
Textual criticism- critiques old and sacred texts
Boccaccio
The Decameron
Describes ambitious merchants, greedy friars, and bored husbands
Portrays acquisitive, sensual, and secular world
Promotes enjoyment of wealth
Erasmus
Dutch humanist Love for Latin language and classics Influenced by John Colet 1499 Applies humanism to bible Wrote New Testament in Greek
The Praise of Folly
Erasmus
Education is key to reform Philosophy is Christ not Christianity (Sermon on the Mont) Core of education should come from the bible Want for simple faith Satire of worldly wisdom
Thomas More
Trained as lawyer
Entered gov under Henry VIII- ambassador to Flanders
Interested in classics
Christian
Utopia
“No where”
Idealistic society is absolute social equality
Buy off enemies
Use silver and gold frequently
Key to reform is through social institutions
Private property promotes civil disorder
Christopher Marlowe
Play-writer
Wrote Tamburlaine and The Jew of Malta
Paved way for Shakespeare
Copernicus
Polish astronomer
Believed sun was the center of universe
Ideas from Greek discussion in Renaissance
Everything revolves around sun
Northern Renaissance
France, England, Germany
More Christian in ways
Interpreted classics into Christian meaning and combine with classics
Stressed use of reason
Human nature has been corrupted by sin, good by nature
North Renaissance Art
Attention to detail Realism and naturalism Landscapes, middle class and peasant life Perfected oil painting Everyday object symbolism Skilled in portraiture
City-States in Italy
Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples
Genoa, Siena, Bologna, Pisa, Mantua, Modena, Ferrara
Florence
Ruled by Medici family Artistic and literacy Extreme wealth Inland city without easy sea access Wool industry from Yorkshire to Africa Mercantile families control papal and European banking Control politics and culture
Secular qualities
Many flaunted wealth with self portraits and black slaves
More concern with interest rates, shipping routes, and personal cost
Social climbers
More money-more comfort
Crises in 14C
King Edward III of England denies debt to bankers in 1344
Black Death
Labor unrest
Ciompi revolts in 1378
Power families
Medici (Florence), S’foza (Milan), Borgia (Papal States)
End of Italian Renaissance
Ask for help
Homosexuality
Terms- sodomy and acts against nature
More male oriented
Adult males seeking young boys
Outlawed in Siena (1425), Venice (1496) and in Florence (1415, 1418, 1432, 1494, and 1542)
Office of the Night
1432-1502
Married older men look nightly for acts of sodomy
Punish those caught
Black slaves
Imported by Portugal Traded by King of Congo for weapons an goods In high demand Worked in various position 4,000 slaves per year by 1530 Used to display wealth and show off
Women in Upper Class
Decrease in sexual status
Were often raped
Were to stay home, entertain guests, take care of and educated household, reproduce
Were educated
Working Class Women
Jobs in textile industry
Suzanne Erkur managed silver mint at Kutmá
Conducted ferry service at Lyons
Many slaves from Dubronvik
War in Italy 15C
Venice in war against Milan and Florence….Venice protesting Sfozas acquisition to duchy
1450-1452
Venice gets land, Sfoza gets title
Naples dispute
Fought over by Aragon and French, Aragon wins 1435
Medici
In power in Florence
Banking family
Money earned by loans and investments
Ship development
Sail year long
Increased volume of goods
Accelerated speed
Florentine Wool Industry
Italian merchants buy wool for Yorkshire and transport to North Africa
Princely courts
Space and personnel around prince
Art patrons
Ceremonial
Display of wealth and power
Pope Alexander VI
Aids militarily and politically to Papal States
Has papal authority
Cesare Borgia
Machiavellian
Unites peninsula by conquering
French invasion of 1494
Florence and Naples against Milan, Milan calls on France for help
Charles VIII of France overtakes Florence, Rome, and Naples
Medici exiled
Republic restored
League of Cambrai
Created by Louis XII of France
Joins Pope and Maximilian of Germany
1508
Pope Leo X
Allies with Spain and Germany to expel French
Short success
Habsburg Valois Wars
1521
France returns to Italy
Takes Rome in 1527
Unification of Italy
1870
Autobiographies
Made by St. Augustine, Peter Abelard, and Guibert of Nogent
Discourages by Christians
Pope Nicholas V
Recovers 9,000 manuscripts and puts in Vatican library
Usury
Lending with interest
Now accepted and used with the church
Middle Age Society
Organized by war
Wealthy bought weapons
City nobles in control
Renaissance art
Human form in natural way Narrative Classic references Use of light and darn Freestanding statues Religious- Madonna, Chrisr Sfumato and foreshortening
Charles V
Art patron
Picked up Titians paintbrush
Pope Sylvester II
Built first mechanical clock in west
Louis XI
Traitorous Cut into urban independence Invaded Burgundy in 1477 Gains Anjou, Bar, Maine, and Provence Treaties with England and Protugal
Concordat of Bologna
Pope gets first year of bishops income
French crown can choose rulers
Agreement between Francis I and Pope Leo X
Reconquista
Wants to convert Muslims and Jews
Wants political power of South
Inquisition
Started by Pope Sixtus IV in November 1478 and September 28, 1480
Punished converted Jews
Used to politically unify
Keeps Catholic faith by torture and extraction
