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AP Euro History > Italian Renaissance > Flashcards

Italian Renaissance Flashcards

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0
Q

Pope Julius II

A

Tore down St. Peter’s Basilica

Began work on new structure in 1506

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1
Q

Dominican friar Savonarola

A

Predicted French invasion
Sermons against paganism, materialism, un democratic gov, and corruption of Pope
Religious leader of Florence
Excommunicated and executed

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2
Q

“Renaissance Popes”

A

In likeness of monarchs
Had children and mistresses
Want wealth and power
Secular

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3
Q

Christine de Pizan

A

First feminist (1364-1430)
First published female author to get pay
Court writer and poet

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4
Q

Isabella d’Este

A

First Lady of the Renaissance
Patron of the arts
Mantua Duchess
Wanted black girl slave

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5
Q

Pico Della Mirandola

A

Florentine writer of On the Dignity of Man

Thought man was made in likeness of God and therefore possesses great dignity and no limits

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6
Q

Artemisia Gentileschi

A

Painted Judith Slaying Holofernes
Was raped by artist Tassi
Old Testament- Judith saved Israel by charming and killing Assyrian general…..trust in God

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7
Q

Converses

A

Jews forced to convert to Christianity
Hated by most Spanish
Attacked by inquisition

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8
Q

New Christians

A

Held royal power at Castile, controlled royal treasury, held high church positions
Held high public offices at Toledo ( married nobles) tax collectors, doctors
Self identified as Christians

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9
Q

Hermanades

A

Group given authority by Fer and Iz to act as police and judges in Spain
Ended in 1498 due to the groups use of violent and severe punishment

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10
Q

Renaissance

A

The cultural achievements of the 14-16C built from the economic and political developments of earlier centuries

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11
Q

Oligarchies

A 
Merchant aristocracies (Venice)
Constitutional 
Small elite class of wealthy merchants hold judicial, executive, and legislative power
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12
Q

Signori

A

Despots, one man rulers
Rulers pretend to observe law
Manipulate law to hide illegality
(Milan)

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13
Q

Communes

A

“Free men seeking independence from nobles” (NI cities)
Formed by merchant guilds
Regulated trade, raised taxes, kept civil order, maintained city walls
Citizenship dependent on property, years of residence, and social
Little held office
In Milan, Florence, Genoa, Siena, Pisa

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14
Q

Popolo

A

Excluded from government, heavily taxed….fought for equality in gov positions and taxation
Formed republic gov
Short lived power, no support
Denied poor, unskilled, and new immigrants
Couldn’t keep civil order

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15
Q

Humanism

A

Study of classics to understand human nature
“New learning”- Bruni
Emphasized human achievements and capabilities

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16
Q

Secularism

A

Concern with materialism and enjoying life
Brought by surviving Black Death
Pleasure of the senses
Art patrons

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17
Q

Individualism

A

Celebrating individual accomplishments and human potential

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18
Q

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

A

Makes royals superior to papacy
Royals can appoint archbishops and bishops, can take away Pope’s revenue
1438 by Charles VII

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19
Q

Quattrocento

A

Fourteenth century

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20
Q

View on artists

A

“Free intellectual workers” status improved
Worked for powerful costumers
Respected and rewarded
Portrayed as geniuses

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21
Q

Medieval view on artists

A 
Low-class
No value to originality
Painted religious scenes with little realism, color, depth, or demension
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22
Q

Michelangelo

A

Painted in Sistine Chapel, the last judgement
Sculpted David
Painted dome in St. Peter’s

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23
Q

Ghiberti

A

Chosen by Brunelleschi to paint baptistery doors of Florence Cathedral
Payed 200 florins a year

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24
Q

Raphael

A

Painted Schools of Athens
Included all Greek philosophers and thinkers
Part of High Renaissance in Rome

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25
Q

Leonardo de Vinci

A

Listed in “company of Artists” 1472
Man- isolated figure with exceptional power
Never was happy with art
Wrote “Codex Atlanticus”
Military engineer for Borgia and worked for Sfoza
Painted Ginevra de Benci and Mona Lisa

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26
Q

Art patrons

A

Support art to show off wealth
Self portraits painted
Small elite class

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27
Q

Brunelleschi

A

Florentine cloth merchant

Built Florentine Cathedral dome of Duomo

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28
Q

Jan Van Eyck

A

Flemish painter in Bruges
Oil-based paintings
Love for detail and realism
Painted Ghent Altarpiece and Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride

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29
Q

Printing Press

A

Created by Gutenberg, Fust, and Schöffer in 1454
Blocks with individual letters
Publish Gutenberg’s Bible

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30
Q

Movable printing press CONT….

A

Used by gov to announce war, publicize war accounts, make treaties- “psychological war”
Propaganda
Joining for causes, common identity
More social events

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31
Q

New Monarchs

A 
Louis XI (France), Henry VII (England), Ferdinand (Aragon)
Suppressed any opposition (nobles)
Used Justinian code (wants=law)
Relied on middle class for tax
Machiavellian
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32
Q

Reconstruction of France by Charles VII

A

Expelled English…..1453
Reconciled Burgundians and Armagnacs after 30 year civil war
Gave power to middle class
Tax on salt (gabelle) and on land (taille)
Royal army

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33
Q

English Kings
Henry VII and Henry VIII
Gaining more power

A

Invaded Ireland and gained peace with Scotland when daughter marries king (1509)
Won support of middle class through keeping peace
Didn’t use parliament

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34
Q

Star Chamber

A

Judicial English Court
Used ideas of Roman law
Accused can’t see evidence
Torture used for extraction

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35
Q

Ferdinand and Isabella

Regaining power

A

Reconstruct hermandades
Revive royal council
Allied with Pope Alex VI (can appoint bishops)
Enter Granada on Jan 6, 1492 and end struggle with Arabs

36
Q

Iberian Peninsula

A

Spain marries second daughter Johanna to archduke Phillip, heir of Holy Roman Empire
Phillip II joins Portugal to crown in 1580
Unification

37
Q

War of Roses

A 
Ducal York and Lancaster civil war
York-white
Lancaster-red
1455-1471
Won by Yorks (Edward)
Reconstruct monarchy
38
Q

Castiglione

The Book of the Courtier

A

1528… Train, discipline, and fashion young men into gentlemen
Men should have broad background
Taught physically and spiritually
Smart, athletic, poetic, musical, eloquent, artistic

39
Q

Machiavelli

The Prince

A

1513…about power and how to gain and maintain…humans are selfish in nature
Ruler should manipulate if needed
Better to be feared than loved
Gov should be effective and not restricted by morals
Gov reflecting gods will is impossible
Politics has own laws, is a science

40
Q

Dante

Divine Comedy

A 
Trilogy of poems
100 verses led by Roman Virgil
Describes the realms of the next world: hell, purgatory, and paradise
Hell-torture
Purgatory- purification 
Paradise-angels and saints
41
Q

Petrarch

A

Thought to be living in new age after Gothic/barbarian middle age
Greco-Roman civilization
First two centuries of Roman Empire were human peak
German immigrants caused cultural break which lead to Dark ages

42
Q

Laura Cereta

A

Humanist, highly educated
Says knowledge is earned, not given as a gift
Women strive not for good but to adorn themselves
Women cause their own inferiority

43
Q

Peter Paul Vergerio

A

Wrote “Ubertinus”
Ruler of Carrara
Education of children is a matter of the state and the best tudors should be chosen, reverence towards elders is an obligation, respect divinity

44
Q

Lorenzo Valla

A

Wrote “On Pleasure”- secularism
“On the False Donation of Constantine”- proves document giving papacy jurisdiction was forged
Textual criticism- critiques old and sacred texts

45
Q

Boccaccio

The Decameron

A

Describes ambitious merchants, greedy friars, and bored husbands
Portrays acquisitive, sensual, and secular world
Promotes enjoyment of wealth

46
Q

Erasmus

A 
Dutch humanist
Love for Latin language and classics
Influenced by John Colet 1499
Applies humanism to bible
Wrote New Testament in Greek
47
Q

The Praise of Folly

Erasmus

A 
Education is key to reform
Philosophy is Christ not Christianity
(Sermon on the Mont)
Core of education should come from the bible
Want for simple faith
Satire of worldly wisdom
48
Q

Thomas More

A

Trained as lawyer
Entered gov under Henry VIII- ambassador to Flanders
Interested in classics
Christian

49
Q

Utopia

“No where”

A

Idealistic society is absolute social equality
Buy off enemies
Use silver and gold frequently
Key to reform is through social institutions
Private property promotes civil disorder

50
Q

Christopher Marlowe

A

Play-writer
Wrote Tamburlaine and The Jew of Malta
Paved way for Shakespeare

51
Q

Copernicus

A

Polish astronomer
Believed sun was the center of universe
Ideas from Greek discussion in Renaissance
Everything revolves around sun

52
Q

Northern Renaissance

A

France, England, Germany
More Christian in ways
Interpreted classics into Christian meaning and combine with classics
Stressed use of reason
Human nature has been corrupted by sin, good by nature

53
Q

North Renaissance Art

A 
Attention to detail
Realism and naturalism
Landscapes, middle class and peasant life
Perfected oil painting
Everyday object symbolism
Skilled in portraiture
54
Q

City-States in Italy

A

Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples

Genoa, Siena, Bologna, Pisa, Mantua, Modena, Ferrara

55
Q

Florence

A 
Ruled by Medici family
Artistic and literacy
Extreme wealth
Inland city without easy sea access
Wool industry from Yorkshire to Africa
Mercantile families control papal and European banking
Control politics and culture
56
Q

Secular qualities

A

Many flaunted wealth with self portraits and black slaves
More concern with interest rates, shipping routes, and personal cost
Social climbers
More money-more comfort

57
Q

Crises in 14C

A

King Edward III of England denies debt to bankers in 1344
Black Death
Labor unrest
Ciompi revolts in 1378

58
Q

Power families

A

Medici (Florence), S’foza (Milan), Borgia (Papal States)

59
Q

End of Italian Renaissance

A

Ask for help

60
Q

Homosexuality

A

Terms- sodomy and acts against nature
More male oriented
Adult males seeking young boys
Outlawed in Siena (1425), Venice (1496) and in Florence (1415, 1418, 1432, 1494, and 1542)

61
Q

Office of the Night

A

1432-1502
Married older men look nightly for acts of sodomy
Punish those caught

62
Q

Black slaves

A 
Imported by Portugal
Traded by King of Congo for weapons an goods
In high demand
Worked in various position
4,000 slaves per year by 1530
Used to display wealth and show off
63
Q

Women in Upper Class

A

Decrease in sexual status
Were often raped
Were to stay home, entertain guests, take care of and educated household, reproduce
Were educated

64
Q

Working Class Women

A

Jobs in textile industry
Suzanne Erkur managed silver mint at Kutmá
Conducted ferry service at Lyons
Many slaves from Dubronvik

65
Q

War in Italy 15C

A

Venice in war against Milan and Florence….Venice protesting Sfozas acquisition to duchy
1450-1452
Venice gets land, Sfoza gets title

66
Q

Naples dispute

A

Fought over by Aragon and French, Aragon wins 1435

67
Q

Medici

A

In power in Florence
Banking family
Money earned by loans and investments

68
Q

Ship development

A

Sail year long
Increased volume of goods
Accelerated speed

69
Q

Florentine Wool Industry

A

Italian merchants buy wool for Yorkshire and transport to North Africa

70
Q

Princely courts

A

Space and personnel around prince
Art patrons
Ceremonial
Display of wealth and power

71
Q

Pope Alexander VI

A

Aids militarily and politically to Papal States

Has papal authority

72
Q

Cesare Borgia

A

Machiavellian

Unites peninsula by conquering

73
Q

French invasion of 1494

A

Florence and Naples against Milan, Milan calls on France for help
Charles VIII of France overtakes Florence, Rome, and Naples
Medici exiled
Republic restored

74
Q

League of Cambrai

A

Created by Louis XII of France
Joins Pope and Maximilian of Germany
1508

75
Q

Pope Leo X

A

Allies with Spain and Germany to expel French

Short success

76
Q

Habsburg Valois Wars

A

1521
France returns to Italy
Takes Rome in 1527

77
Q

Unification of Italy

A

1870

78
Q

Autobiographies

A

Made by St. Augustine, Peter Abelard, and Guibert of Nogent

Discourages by Christians

79
Q

Pope Nicholas V

A

Recovers 9,000 manuscripts and puts in Vatican library

80
Q

Usury

A

Lending with interest

Now accepted and used with the church

81
Q

Middle Age Society

A

Organized by war
Wealthy bought weapons
City nobles in control

82
Q

Renaissance art

A 
Human form in natural way
Narrative
Classic references
Use of light and darn
Freestanding statues
Religious- Madonna, Chrisr
Sfumato and foreshortening
83
Q

Charles V

A

Art patron

Picked up Titians paintbrush

84
Q

Pope Sylvester II

A

Built first mechanical clock in west

85
Q

Louis XI

A 
Traitorous 
Cut into urban independence
Invaded Burgundy in 1477
Gains Anjou, Bar, Maine, and Provence
Treaties with England and Protugal
86
Q

Concordat of Bologna

A

Pope gets first year of bishops income
French crown can choose rulers
Agreement between Francis I and Pope Leo X

87
Q

Reconquista

A

Wants to convert Muslims and Jews

Wants political power of South

88
Q

Inquisition

A

Started by Pope Sixtus IV in November 1478 and September 28, 1480
Punished converted Jews
Used to politically unify
Keeps Catholic faith by torture and extraction

AP Euro History (2 decks)

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