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P1 Introductory science and methods > IT: medical image > Flashcards

IT: medical image Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an image?

A

An array or matrix of square pixels (picture element) arranged in columns and rows

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2
Q

What does each picture element in a greyscale image (8-bit) have?

A

Assigned intensity that ranges from 0 to 255

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3
Q

What is an image (descriptive)?

A
  1. Measurements at multiple spatial locations
  2. Spatial measurements = measurements of distance, area and volume, these involve the first 2 dimension of image its width and height
  3. The measurements are often, but not always arranged on a 2D/3D grid
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4
Q

What is the key feature of an image?

A

Each measurement relates to a physical location in the patient

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5
Q

What can a 2D medical image be?

A

Either tomographic or a projection through a 3D object

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6
Q

What is tomographic image?

A

A slice through the object

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7
Q

What does projection images do?

A

Aggregate data over long lines

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8
Q

What are the 2 characteristic of projection images?

A
  1. Summation (projection x-ray)

2. Surface reflection and scattering in a photograph

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9
Q

What is an element of image usually called?

A

Pixel (single 2D slice/projection) or voxel (3D image)

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10
Q

What is each voxel sampling?

A

Some kind of average (usually a summation) of the contents of finite volume of object

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11
Q

What is point spread function?

A

Response of an imaging system to a point source or point object

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12
Q

What are examples of spatial size of samples?

A
  1. Partial volume effects
  2. Point spread function
  3. Slice profile
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13
Q

What does an image metadata involve?

A

Details relevant to image itself as well as information about its production

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14
Q

How is some metadata generated?

A

Automatically by device capturing image

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15
Q

What can image metadata be useful for?

A

Cataloging and contextualising visual information

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16
Q

How can you make an image more meaningful?

A

Store extra information alongside image array itself

Often stored in an image ‘header’

17
Q

What are examples of image metadata?

A
  1. Geometry
  2. Patient details
  3. Exam logistics
  4. Exam parameters
  5. Relationship to other slices, series,exams,
  6. Archiving information
  7. Display information
18
Q

Examples of geometry

A
  1. Sample spacing (voxel size, resolution, slice thickness)
  2. Orientation repetition
  3. Standard orientation to display
19
Q

Example of patient details

A
  1. Name
  2. Hospital number
  3. Date of birth
  4. Ward
  5. History
  6. Indication
20
Q

Example of exam logistics

A
  1. Hospital
  2. Scanner
  3. Date and time
  4. Radiographer
  5. Referring clinician
21
Q

Examples of exam parameters

A
  1. Modality
  2. Flip angle
  3. TE/TR
  4. B value
  5. Dynamic timing
  6. RF pulse type
  7. Filters
22
Q

Example of display information

A
  1. Window/level

2. colourmap

23
Q

How are radiological images normally displayed?

A

As if the patient were in a standard orientation

24
Q

What must you be certain about?

A
  1. Anatomy orientation
  2. Displayed orientation
  3. Handedness
25
Q

How does dominant medical image format record orientation?

A

Using a well defined system with respect to the patient:

  1. x- positive: toward the patient’s left
  2. y- positive: toward posterior side
  3. z- positive: superior direction

known as LPS system

26
Q

How is the actual orientation of image stored?

A

Recording the direction in co-ordinate system of unit vectors along row + column directions of each 2D image plane

27
Q

What does handedness errors flip?

A

3D volumes without making any errors in axis identification, but rather ordering the slices wrongly

28
Q

What does DICOM stand for?

A

Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine

29
Q

What are the features of DICOM?

A
  1. Dominant standard
  2. Both a file format and network protocol
  3. Used to share medical image data
  4. The standard for image data interchange
30
Q

What is DICOM designed to do?

A
  1. Information model of real-world things - real world objects/concepts
  2. Allow devices to share data safely
31
Q

What does DICOM provide?

A

Semantics for querying, sharing and storing images across a hospital network

32
Q

What does HL7 transmit information about?

A

Primarily about patients:

  1. Admissions
  2. Appointments
  3. Transfers
  4. Test results

P1 Introductory science and methods (14 decks)

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