IT 1.4 revision

Question 1

Malware​

​

What does the term mean?

Answer 1

A malicious software designed to harm or damage a computer. can also spread

Question 2

What is social engineering

Answer 2

the act of tricking someone into gaining personalised information

Question 3

what does phishing mean

Answer 3

phishing is the act of sending a message to a person in an attempt to get them to reveal information.

Question 4

virus?

Answer 4

Malicious software designed to cause harm to a network or computer system. spread via humans.

Question 5

worm?

Answer 5

A worm is a computer program that can make a copy of itself. spread by itself

Question 6

Trojan horse?

Answer 6

Any program which tries to hack into the computer by misleading its true use. spread via fake links and apps

Question 7

Describe what a brute force attack is and how they work?

Answer 7

This is a very basic attack where you essentially try to crack a password by trying
every combination of letters and symbols.

Question 8

What is data interception and how does it happen?

Answer 8

Data travels across networks in packets which can be intercepted. If packets are encrypted, they cannot be understood without a key. Unencrypted packets can be re-assembled using signatures.

Question 9

Why is wireless more insecure?​

Answer 9

Security risk as data
travels through the air

Question 10

DDoS

Answer 10

A DDoS attack is malicious, and can prevent a website from being accessible. this is because they are getting bombarded by multiple computers.

Question 11

Why is not using common words and short password not a good idea? (Be specific)​

Answer 11

short words meaning less combination the hackers need to try thus able to hack you quickly.
common word are much easier to identify than not common words.

Question 12

the purpose of a cpu

Answer 12

input–>process–>output
CARRY OUT THEW FETCH/EXECUTE CYCLE

Question 13

common CPU components

Answer 13

ALU
CU
CACHE
REGISTERS

Question 14

VON NEUMAN ARCHITEUER

Answer 14

MAR Stores the memory address from which data will be
fetched to the CPU,
MDR Holds data that is being transferred to or
from memory.
ACCUMULATORThe accumulator is a register in which holds the
intermediate arithmetic logic unit results are stored.
Basically in a multiple calculation it would the result
in between.
PC The memory address of the next instruction to be
executed next.

Question 15

WHAT DID VON NEUMAN DO

Answer 15

PROGRAM DATA AND PROGRAM INSTRUCTION RAN ON THE MAIN MEMEORY

Question 16

WHAT IS CLOCK SPEED

Answer 16

CLOCKE SPEED IS THE AMOUNT OF FDE CYCLE THE CPU RUNS PER SECOND. MEAUSRED IN HZ

Question 17

WHAT IS CORE AND DOES DOUBLING INCREASE IT/’

Answer 17

CORE ARE PROCESSOR INSIDE THE CPU AND DOUBLING DOESNT NECCESARILY INCREASE THE PERFORMANCE BECAUSE THE TWO CORE HAS TO BE UTLISED.

Question 18

WHAT IS CACHE

Answer 18

CACHE IS A VERY FAST MEMORY LOCATED NEAR THE CPU OR INSIDE. CACHE STORES RECENTLY USED DATA AND THIS HELPS SPEED UP THE PROCESS AS THE CPU DOESNT HAVE TO GO BACK TO THE RAM TO RE GET THE DATA BUT RATHER GO TO THE CACHE.

Question 19

WHY DO COMPUTERS USE BINARY

Answer 19

THEY ARE MADEW OF BILLIONS OF TRANSISTORS WHICH ONLY HAVE TWO STATES ON AND OFF

Question 20

FDE

Answer 20

THE CPU CHECKS THE PC TO GET THE NEXT INFORMATION TO EXECUTE NEXT
THE MEMORY ADDRESS OF THE PC IS COPIED TO THE MAR AND IT FETCHES THE DATA FROM THE RAM AND STORES IT IN THE MDR.
THE PC IS INCREMENTED BY ONE TO GO THE NEXT INSTRUCTION
IT DECODES
EXECUTES AND CYCLE RECYCLES

Question 21

EMBEDDED SYSTEM
EG

Answer 21

A COMPUTER INSIDE THE ANOTHER DEVICE THAT HAS A SPECIFDIC FUNCTION TO DO
EG MICROWAVE

Question 22

PRIMARY STORAGE

Answer 22

PRIMARY STORAGE IS NEEDED BY THE CPU TO ACCESS THE SECONDARY STORAG. ALSO IT IS FASTER THAN THE SECONDARY STORAGE.

Question 23

TWO TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE

Answer 23

RAM IS VOLATILE AND CAN BE READ AND WRITTEN FROM
ROM IS NON VOLATILE AND CAN ONLY BE READ FROM. THIUS IS WHY IT USED TO STORE BOOT UP VODE OR THE COMPUTER.

Question 24

VIRTUAL MEMORY?

Answer 24

VIRTUAL memory is used when the primary memory is full and operating system starts moving less important applications and data from RAM into the secondary storage. this will help clear some space in the ram allowing more useful programs to run on the ram.

Question 25

how does each secondary storage stores data

Answer 25

optical= it stores via laser beams shining on the pits which will reflect or don't reflect representing on or off magnetic= stores via the different polo rites of magnetism representing either on or off solid state= stored via flash chips electrically

Question 26

advantage of each secondary storage.

Answer 26

solid state is fast and portable. magnetic is cheap and has large storage optical is average. cannot be easily changed

Question 27

what is the point of secondary storage

Answer 27

non volatile and can store more than primary

Question 28

binary

Answer 28

stores information via numbers of 0 and 1

Question 29

hexadecimal

Answer 29

This was invented to allow 2 digits to represent a byte of information. So each hexadecimal digit represent 4 bits or a nibble.

Question 30

overflow

Answer 30

when u have more numbers left after u did the binary addition

Question 31

character sets

Answer 31

computers allocating a set of binary to represent letters numbers and symbol

Question 32

ascii

Answer 32

it used byte to store so only 256 charecters only English letters

Question 33

unicode

Answer 33

popularity of internet grew more languages needed and thus Unicode is invented. more charecter from different languages and also the ascii

Question 34

how is sound stored

Answer 34

sample of analogue sound is taken from set intervals and converted into binary

Question 35

sample rate

Answer 35

how many sample it can take per second. more sample meaning more quality but takes up space.

Question 36

bit depth

Answer 36

how accurate the samples are. more bits meaning more options more bits means more accurate but takes up space

Question 37

metadata

Answer 37

extra information about the data

Question 38

images stored

Answer 38

images are stored via pixels. these pixels are allocated with a colour via binary. usualy represented via hexadecimal as red green or blue

Question 39

resolution

Answer 39

number of pixels in the image. more pixels the better. but increase storage

Question 40

colour depth

Answer 40

how many bits allocated to the pixel but more pixel more realistic colours but more storage.

Question 41

compressioin

Answer 41

reducing the size of the file using algorithm by decompress. lossy. loose some data when compress. lossless dont loose no data even after compress

Question 42

bandwidth

Answer 42

amount data that can be transmitted from one place to another

Question 43

type of factors that can disrupt network

Answer 43

bandwith types of connection interference number devices= more device less bandwith

Question 44

NIC

Answer 44

A DEVICE In the computer that allows u to connect to a network

Question 45

wap

Answer 45

a device that lets wireless nic to connect to a network

Question 46

switch and router

Answer 46

switch= connects computer together to form network router same as switch but also connect to each other

Question 47

an internet hosting web server web client

Answer 47

1)internet is collection of network 2) service where people are allowed to put their own website onto the internet 3)computer that allows u to host the website 4)the device attempting to access the webpage

Question 48

dns

Answer 48

turns the name of the website into the ip address required to access it

Question 49

DNS STEPS

Answer 49

1) web browser gets request for a url from the user 2)browser contacts the dns and sends the domain name 3) the dns maps out the domain name and send the ip address back to the browser. 4) browser send a GET request to the website 5)requested website is delivered back to the users profile

Question 50

wireless adv and dis

Answer 50

WIRELESS TRANSEFER DATA VIA RADIO SIGNALS ADV: NO CABLES, EASSIER TO SETUP AND ADD NEW DEVICES. DIS: INTEERFERNECE FROM THE WALLS, LACK OF SECURITY AS DATA IS EXPOSED TO THE SURRONDINGS, SHORT RANGE

Question 51

ETHERNET ADV AND DIS

Answer 51

USE TWISTED COPPPER CABLES TO SWEND DATA NO INTERFERENCE,GOOD SPEED, RESONABLY CHEAP DIS# NEEDS BUILDING, MID RANGE, DEGRADES OVER TIME

Question 52

FIBRE OPTIC CABLE

Answer 52

SENDS DATA THROUH LIGHT THORUGH CABLES. VERY FAST, WORKS OVER LONG DISTANCE VERY EXPENSIVE, NEEDS BUILDING WORK

Question 53

STAR

Answer 53

COMPUTER ARE CONNETED TO A CENTRAL NETWORK ADV: IF ONE COMPUTER NOT CONNECDT, REST WONT BE AFFECTED ONLY THE COMPUTER NOT CONNECT. DISADV: SERVER BREAK, EVERY BREAK

Question 54

MESH

Answer 54

RANGE OF COMPUTER CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER ADV: BREAKS WOULD NOT BE PROBLEM CAUSDE U CAN ROUTE IN AN ANOTHER WAY DISADV: EXPENSIVE AS LOTS OF CABLE

Question 55

NETWORK LATENCY

Answer 55

HOW LONG IT TAKES FOR A SIGNAL TO REACH ITS DESTINATION.

Question 56

LAN AND WAN

Answer 56

LOCAL AREA NETWORK: LOCATED IN ONE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND HARDWARE IS YOURS WIDE AREA NETWORK; LOCATED IN MULTIPLE PLACE AND HARDWARE OWNED BY SOMEONE ELSE

Question 57

CONCEPT OF LAYERS

Answer 57

BREAK NETWORKING DOWN INTO SMALL TASK THAT WORK WITH EACH OTHER ADV IS THAT REDUCE DIFFCULT OF CREATING PROGRAM AS ITS DIVIDE INTO SMALL PARTS.

Question 58

PRTOCOL

Answer 58

IS A SET OF RULES THAT GOVERN HOW DEVICES COMMUNICATE OVER THE INTERNET

Question 59

STANDARDS

Answer 59

STANDARS ARE NORM THAT ARE EXPECTED TO BE FOLLLOWED. LIKE BLUETOOTH BEING ACCPTED BY EVERY MANUFACTURER

Question 60

TRANSFROMATION CONTROL PROTOCOL AND IP

Answer 60

ENABLES COMMUNICATION OVER THE INTERNET

Question 61

HTTP HTTPSECURE. HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL

Answer 61

GOVERS THE COMMUNCIATION BETWEEN CLIENT AND SERVER. USED TO SEND WEBPAGES

Question 62

FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL.

Answer 62

ALLOWS TRANSFER OF FILE BETWEEN COMPUTER.

Question 63

POP POST OFFICE PROTCOL

Answer 63

GOVERN RETREIVING EMAIL FROM EMAIL SERVICE. POP DOWNLOADS THER EMAIL TO THE COMPUTER.

Question 64

IMAP INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTCOL

Answer 64

Email protocol that is used to retrieve emails from mail servers. Emails are stored on a server online so it is better when using multiple devices to access your email.

Question 65

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Answer 65

Protocol used to send email from a web browser or client.

Question 66

DATA INTERCEPTION METHODS

Answer 66

Wireless networks are susceptible to data interception as no physical access is required. * Data can be intercepted as it travels over a WAN as it uses telecommunications infrastructure. * Data can also be intercepted physically, for example portable hard drives and other external hardware can be stolen.

Question 67

SQL

Answer 67

Where an attacker can execute malicious SQL statements using software which controls a database management system. SQL is used to manage database and many website are essentially linked to database especially online shops.

Question 68

SQL DANGERS AND PREVENTION

Answer 68

DANGERS: THEY COULD DELETE DATA AND ALTER THE DATA, EXPOSE DATA PREVENTION REMOVE THE SQL COMMAND AND PRECOMPILE ANY SQL COMMANDS

Question 69

IDENTIFYING AND PREVENTING VULNERABILITIES

Answer 69

PENETRATION TESTING HELPS SCAN FOR VULENRABILITIES USER ACCESS LEVELS: TO CONTROL WHAT USERS CAN ACCESS. SECURE PASSWORDS. FORCING CYUSTOMER TO MAKE STRONG PASSS WORD WHICH WILL EHLP DEFEND AGAINST BRUTE FORCE ATTACK ENCRYPTION: UNREADABLE DATA. MUST BE DECODED BY A KEY ANTI MALWARE SOFTWARE will help to stop malware from causing damage to your system and files. Firewalls: Monitors the traffic flowing in and out of a computer on a network Physical Security: Keeping unwanted people away from devices by locking doors, using swipe cards, having CCTV and guards are ways to control access to your system.

Question 70

HOW CAN A PERSON MAKE THEIR PASSWORD STRONGER

Answer 70

VIA HAVING LONG PASSWORD WITH MORE CHARECTERS MEANING IT WILL TAKE AFR LONGER TO BREAK.

Question 71

brute force attack

Answer 71

is where a hacker tries every combination of letters and symbols to crack your password. password is turned into hashed version and stored in hexadecimal and is a one way process so brute force attack is the only way. they can check if hashed versions are same as the hashed version in the password.

Question 72

denial of service

Answer 72

its an malicious attack computer spamming/pinging a server which makes it inaccessible for users. it is used as smokescreen to hide another malicious attack

Question 73

operating systems

Answer 73

is the suite of programs that helps manage and control the computer. it is a software that provides an interface between the user and the hardware by providing a virtual machine to the user as the hide the complexities of the hardware from the user.

Question 74

multitasking

Answer 74

operating system allows a lot of tasks to be done at the same time by doing a little bit of each of the tasks at a time. without this you are only able to do one task at a time.

Question 75

user interface

Answer 75

providing the user with interface like CL and GUI

Question 76

CLI DESCRIP EASE OF USE CONTROL POWER APPEARNCE

Answer 76

1. COMMAND LINE INTERFACE is basically text based commands that help control the computer 2. it is harder to use due to it being complex meaning its not beginner friendly and harder to understand 3. it has more control as it directly communicates to the hardware. 4. it doesn't require much power. 5. cannot change it

Question 77

gui DESCRIP EASE OF USE CONTROL POWER APPEARNCE

Answer 77

1. graphical user interface that uses visual icons to help control the computer. user can navigate between applications via the use of a pointer. 2. it is much easier to learn commands and beginner friendly as it is easier to understand. 3. it doesn't have as much control as CLI over the OS 4. it uses more power due to use of graphical components 5. visual operating systems. able to change the appearance of the os

Question 78

peripheral management

Answer 78

the operating system controls devices like a printer a mouse, and even a secondary storage device. a device driver is used to explain to the os how to communicate with each device

Question 79

file management

Answer 79

operating system must identify where files are stored for long term in a secondary storage using specifc track, sector eg allocating files to a folder deleting file and creating naming of files

Question 80

user management

Answer 80

the OS enables different users to log onto a computer and the settings for the individual can be retained. network administrator allocates accounts to users and set access rights for different users

Question 81

device driver

Answer 81

helps explain to the OS on how to communicate with peripheral devices. IT IS A PIECE OF SOFTWARE THAT HELPS CONTROL A HARDWARE. a driver allows a peripheral deivice to be connected to the computer and controlled by the os . Drivers are OS SPECIFIC

Question 82

TWO TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Answer 82

OS AND UTILITIES

Question 83

ENCRYPTION SOFTWARE

Answer 83

scramble information so that it can be sent safely without anyone else being able to read it. The information is encrypted with a password or key that is needed to read the information again.

Question 84

COMPRESSION SOFTWARE

Answer 84

This is used to reduce the size of the file by performing an algorithm on the original data. You get lossy (loses data when compressed) and lossless compression (data is mathematically exactly the same when uncompressed).

Question 85

DEFRAGMENTATION SOFTWARE

Answer 85

When a hard disk drive is new – files get added onto the disk in order .As files are deleted – this leaves gaps * When new files are saved – the files fill the gaps and become fragmented * Defragmentation software groups fragmented files back together

Question 86

WHY DOES A SOLID STATE DRIVE DONT NEED DEFRAGMENTATION SOFTWARE

Answer 86

IT DOESNT HAAVING MOVING PARTS AND ALSO IT FINE WITH DATA BEING ALL OVER THE PLACE

Question 87

Disk Thrashing:

Answer 87

When a hard disk drive is getting data from all over the place it can really slow down and even make a noise as the head moves around (thrashes) so much.

Question 88

Law

Answer 88

The Data Protection Act 2018 Covers how personal data can be used by companies. It Covers: What can be collected, How long you can keep it for, Steps to keep it accurate, How it can be sent and used and who can see the data. Computer Misuse Act 1990 Makes it illegal to: Access a system without authorisation, Access a system with the intent to commit a crime, Alter data without permission (by physically doing it or by a virus). Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 Protects people’s intellectual property (books, play, films, music etc..) Make it an offence to copy or distribute other people’s intellectual property without permission.

Question 89

THE FIVE ISSUES

Answer 89

ETHICAL Principles of conduct that are considered correct, especially those of a given profession. You will often find that professional bodies have ‘Codes of Ethics’ which members must follow. A doctor, for example, should always try to help keep people alive even if they are not at work. Legal issues Issues such as: Illegally sharing personal data, Stealing money or information, Illegally copying and sharing films and music, Extorting information or blackmailing, Electronic Spying Cultural issues Many countries have different views to us on things that we may find surprising. Cultural issues may cover things like: Language used, character sets, colours and the use of social media. Environ mental issues Positive things technology does for environment: * Email and file sending reduces paper usage * Video Conferencing reduces the need to travel * People can work from home reducing commuting and less office space. * Computers can help us analyse environmental impacts and look for solutions to help improve the environment Negative things technology does for environment: * Technology consumes a lot of energy. * Technological waste - also known as e-waste - sometimes contains poisonous chemicals and can be an environmental hazard. Privacy issues Social media, CCTV, the ability to track devices and other technology could cause privacy issues. Large companies may purchase data about us to use in marketing.

Question 90

Digital DevIDE

Answer 90

The digital divide is the division which exists between those individuals who can use technology and those who can not. People who know about technology tend to have a better quality of life as they have access to jobs, benefits, health information etc..

Question 91

Open Source Proprietary

Answer 91

Users: Open source is free but more likely to be buggy and less supported. They can however look at the code and alter it. Proprietary more likely to be supported and less buggy but obviously costs money. Creators: Open source doesn’t get them any money but it can get their name out there as a good programmer. People can change your software and you might not like the changes. Proprietary protects their software code and makes them money. If people buy it

Question 92

WHATS A BUS MEMORY ADDRESS DATA AND REGISTER

Answer 92

Register: Small but ultra fast piece of memory normally inside the processor. They hold either some data or a memory address. Memory address: Is a binary address of where something is normally in RAM. Data: This could be some data like a simple number or an instruction. Bus: A bus is a series of lines that connect the processor to another part of the computer's architecture, such as cache memory or main memory. Think of it as wires but a little more.